{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:42:04Z","timestamp":1775000524074,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cadaver studies represented a milestone in surgical orthopaedic research, and still today they play a crucial role in the achievement of new knowledge about joint disease behaviour and treatment. In this review, an overview of the cadaver studies available in the literature about the anatomy, role, and treatment of the antero-lateral ligament (ALL) of the knee was performed. The aim of the review was to describe and gain more insight into the part of in vitro study in understanding knee joint anatomy and biomechanics, and in developing surgical reconstruction techniques. The findings of the review showed that cadaver studies had, and will continue to have, a key role in the research of knee joint biomechanics and surgical reconstruction. Moreover, they represent a powerful tool to develop and test new devices which could be useful in clinical and surgical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T02:48:13Z","timestamp":1638845293000},"page":"12852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Cadaveric Studies and the Definition of the Antero-Lateral Ligament of the Knee: From the Anatomical Features to the Patient-Specific Reconstruction Surgical Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Dal Fabbro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Agostinone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gian Andrea","family":"Lucidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Pizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Maitan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Zaffagnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4274\/tjod.galenos.2018.15931","article-title":"Cadaveric anatomy and dissection in surgical training","volume":"16","author":"Selcuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506296040","article-title":"Effectiveness of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with quadrupled hamstrings and bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts: An in vivo study comparing tibial internal-external rotation","volume":"35","author":"Chouliaras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520951796","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon graft and femoral cortical button fixation at minimum 20-year follow-up","volume":"48","author":"Hagemans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515618387","article-title":"An in vitro robotic assessment of the anterolateral ligament, part 1: Secondary role of the anterolateral ligament in the setting of an anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"44","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12087","article-title":"Anatomy of the anterolateral ligament of the knee","volume":"223","author":"Claes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s43019-019-0012-4","article-title":"The anterolateral ligament of the knee joint: A review of the anatomy, biomechanics, and anterolateral ligament surgery","volume":"31","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.04.028","article-title":"Biomechanical results of lateral extra-articular tenodesis procedures of the knee: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Slette","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Segond, P. (1879). Recherches Cliniques Et Expe\u00b4rimentales Sur Les E\u00b4panchements Sanguins Du Genou Par Entorse, Aux Bureaux du Progr\u00e8s M\u00e9dical."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2017.07.002","article-title":"The anterolateral ligament does exist: An anatomic description","volume":"37","author":"Zaffagnini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Vallois, H. (1914). Etude Anatomique de L\u2019articulation Du Genou Chez Les Primates, Abeille."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Jost, A. (1921). Sur la morphognese et le role fonctionnel des ligaments epicondylomeniscaux du genou. Compte Rendu de La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Biologie, Masson et Cie."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400108","article-title":"The anatomy of the iliopatellar band and iliotibial tract","volume":"14","author":"Terry","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B3.33033","article-title":"The anterolateral ligament: Anatomy, length changes and association with the Segond fracture","volume":"96","author":"Dodds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515578253","article-title":"The anterolateral ligament: An anatomic, radiographic, and biomechanical analysis","volume":"43","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515594373","article-title":"Length changes of the anterolateral ligament during passive knee motion: A human cadaveric study","volume":"43","author":"Zens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967116675604","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116675604","article-title":"Why do authors differ with regard to the femoral and meniscal anatomic parameters of the knee anterolateral ligament?: Dissection by layers and a description of its superficial and deep layers","volume":"4","author":"Helito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3117-z","article-title":"A cadaveric study of the anterolateral ligament: Re-introducing the lateral capsular ligament","volume":"23","author":"Caterine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-016-0386-2","article-title":"Anatomical variation in the anterolateral ligament of the knee and a new dissection technique for embalmed cadaveric specimens","volume":"93","author":"Parker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.10.006","article-title":"Femoral origin of the anterolateral ligament: An anatomic analysis","volume":"32","author":"Daggett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1655763","article-title":"Sonographic evaluation of the anterolateral ligament of the knee: A cadaveric study","volume":"32","author":"Zappia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Knee Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2017.07.004","article-title":"Biomechanics of the anterolateral structures of the knee","volume":"37","author":"Kittl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514562751","article-title":"The biomechanical function of the anterolateral ligament of the knee","volume":"43","author":"Parsons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4356-y","article-title":"Current use of navigation system in ACL surgery: A historical review","volume":"24","author":"Zaffagnini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4259-y","article-title":"Kinematics of ACL and anterolateral ligament. Part I: Combined lesion","volume":"25","author":"Bonanzinga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7549750","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7549750","article-title":"Increased rotatory laxity after anterolateral ligament lesion in anterior cruciate ligament- (ACL-) deficient knees: A cadaveric study with noninvasive inertial sensors","volume":"2021","author":"Grassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.03.009","article-title":"Anterolateral ligament reconstruction techniques, biomechanics, and clinical outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"DePhillipo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-017-4496-8","article-title":"Kinematics of ACL and anterolateral ligament. Part II: Anterolateral and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"25","author":"Bonanzinga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1136\/jisakos-2019-000368","article-title":"Lateral tenodesis procedures increase lateral compartment pressures more than anterolateral ligament reconstruction, when performed in combination with ACL reconstruction: A pilot biomechanical study","volume":"6","author":"Neri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. ISAKOS"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800210","article-title":"The effect of an iliotibial tenodesis on intraarticular graft forces and knee joint motion","volume":"18","author":"Engebretsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700308","article-title":"An in vitro study of the M\u00fcller anterolateral femorotibial ligament tenodesis in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee","volume":"17","author":"Draganich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-017-0449-8","article-title":"Anterolateral ligament expert group consensus paper on the management of internal rotation and instability of the anterior cruciate ligament\u2014deficient knee","volume":"18","author":"Daggett","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517723013","article-title":"Over-the-top ACL reconstruction plus extra-articular lateral tenodesis with hamstring tendon grafts: Prospective evaluation with 20-year minimum follow-up","volume":"45","author":"Zaffagnini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/23\/12852\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:40:23Z","timestamp":1760168423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/23\/12852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182312852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182312852","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]}}}