{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:36:08Z","timestamp":1760236568459,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2021 Philosophy and Social Science Research General Projects at Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province","award":["2021SJA1219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SJA1219"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["ASTIP-IAED-2021-SR-09","ASTIP-IAED-2021-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASTIP-IAED-2021-SR-09","ASTIP-IAED-2021-08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to deepen the understanding of the impact of major public health emergencies on the oil market and to enhance the risk response capability, this study analyzed the logical relationship between major public health emergencies and international oil price changes, identified the change points, and calculated the probability of abrupt changes to international oil prices. Based on monthly data during six major public health emergencies from 2009 to 2020, this study built a product partition model. The results show that only the influenza A (H1N1) and COVID-19 pandemics were significant reasons for abrupt changes in international oil prices. Furthermore, the wild poliovirus epidemic, the Ebola epidemic, the Zika epidemic, and the Ebola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo had limited effects. Overall, the outbreak of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in major global economies has a more pronounced impact on international oil prices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182412955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T02:07:18Z","timestamp":1639102038000},"page":"12955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Can Major Public Health Emergencies Affect Changes in International Oil Prices?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4095-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wu Jinglian School of Economics, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Energy Strategy Research Base, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tonghui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guogang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wu Jinglian School of Economics, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Energy Strategy Research Base, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1673-7803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinru","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.30.1.139","article-title":"Forty Years of Oil Price Fluctuations: Why the Price of Oil May Still Surprise Us","volume":"30","author":"Baumeister","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1086\/261625","article-title":"Oil and the Macroeconomy When Prices Go Up and Down: An Extension of Hamilton\u2019s Results","volume":"97","author":"Mork","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.99.3.1053","article-title":"Not All Oil Price Shocks Are Alike: Disentangling Demand and Supply Shocks in the Crude Oil Market","volume":"99","author":"Kilian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.05.147","article-title":"Crude oil price: Demand, supply, economic activity, economic policy uncertainty and wars\u2014From the perspective of structural equation modelling (SEM)","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2013.09.006","article-title":"The effects of terrorism and war on the oil price-stock index relationship","volume":"40","author":"Kollias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2015.08.018","article-title":"Geopolitics and the oil price","volume":"52","year":"2016","journal-title":"Econ. Model."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.12.102","article-title":"Crude oil price behaviour before and after military conflicts and geopolitical events","volume":"120","author":"Monge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2018.01.004","article-title":"Oil price shocks and uncertainty: How stable is their relationship over time?","volume":"72","author":"Degiannakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econ. Model."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, X., Chen, Y., and Wang, X. (2021). Impacts of China\u2019s bioethanol policy on the global maize market: A partial equilibrium analysis to 2030. Food Secur., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-021-01212-5"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2010.07.026","article-title":"The impact of terrorism on financial markets: An empirical study","volume":"35","author":"Chesney","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bank. Financ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1162\/003465304323023831","article-title":"Asset Market Linkages in Crisis Periods","volume":"86","author":"Hartmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2015.02.004","article-title":"VAR for VaR: Measuring tail dependence using multivariate regression quantiles","volume":"187","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Econom."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2021.105561","article-title":"Lives and livelihoods: Estimates of the global mortality and poverty effects of the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"146","author":"Decerf","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/cjag.12237","article-title":"Food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"68","author":"Hobbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Agric. Econ.-Rev. Can. Agroecon."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Gennaro, F., Pizzol, D., Marotta, C., Antunes, M., Racalbuto, V., Veronese, N., and Smith, L. (2020). Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082690"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsharef, A., Banerjee, S., Uddin, S.M.J., Albert, A., and Jaselskis, E. (2021). Early Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the United States Construction Industry. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041559"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2020.101496","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic, oil prices, stock market, geopolitical risk and policy uncertainty nexus in the US economy: Fresh evidence from the wavelet-based approach","volume":"70","author":"Sharif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Financ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.2.283","article-title":"An Overview of Human Brucellosis","volume":"21","author":"Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2305.161556","article-title":"The discovery of penicillin\u2014New insights after more than 75 years of clinical use","volume":"23","author":"Gaynes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Milner, D. (2016). Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases, Amirsys. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101578","article-title":"Going global\u2014Travel and the 2019 novel coronavirus","volume":"33","author":"MacGregor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2007). International Health Regulations (2005): Areas of Work for Implementation, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taaa227","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa227","article-title":"Public health emergencies of international concern: A historic overview","volume":"27","author":"Osman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjaa039","article-title":"Building Resilient Health Systems: Experimental Evidence from Sierra Leone and The 2014 Ebola Outbreak","volume":"136","author":"Christensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110349","article-title":"Herding behaviour in energy stock markets during the Global Financial Crisis, SARS, and ongoing COVID-19","volume":"134","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizvi, S.K.A., and Itani, R. (2021). Oil market volatility: Comparison of COVID-19 crisis with the SARS outbreak of 2002 and the global financial crisis of 2008. Ekon. Istraz., Online.","DOI":"10.1080\/1331677X.2021.1927788"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2020.101882","article-title":"COVID\u221219 and oil price risk exposure","volume":"42","author":"Akhtaruzzaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2020.101829","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on asymmetric multifractality of gold and oil prices","volume":"69","author":"Mensi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1993.10594323","article-title":"A Bayesian Analysis for Change Point Problems","volume":"88","author":"Barry","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2021.126425","article-title":"The 2020 global stock market crash: Endogenous or exogenous?","volume":"585","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agboola, M.O., Bekun, F.V., and Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2021). Implications of Social Isolation in Combating COVID-19 Outbreak in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Its Consequences on the Carbon Emissions Reduction. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169476"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malliaris, A.G., and Malliaris, M. (2021). What Microeconomic Fundamentals Drove Global Oil Prices during 1986\u20132020?. J. Risk Financ. Manag., 14.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3895280"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tudor, C., and Anghel, A. (2021). The Financialization of Crude Oil Markets and Its Impact on Market Efficiency: Evidence from the Predictive Ability and Performance of Technical Trading Strategies. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14154485"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.07.026","article-title":"Is the COVID-19 vaccine effective on the US financial market?","volume":"198","author":"Khalfaoui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121168","article-title":"Asymmetric volatility spillovers between crude oil and China\u2019s financial markets","volume":"233","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2020.100516","article-title":"Impact of the global financial crisis on the crude oil market","volume":"30","author":"Joo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bejger, S. (2021). Competition in a Wholesale Fuel Market\u2014The Impact of the Structural Changes Caused by COVID-19. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14144211"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102129","article-title":"Evaluating the influence of energy prices on tight oil supply with implications on the impacts of COVID-19","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"257","article-title":"Volatility of international commodity prices in times of COVID-19: Effects of oil supply and global demand shocks","volume":"8","author":"Ezeaku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Extr. Ind. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.najef.2020.101310","article-title":"The dynamic impact of oil price shocks on the stock market and the USD\/RMB exchange rate: Evidence from implied volatility indices","volume":"55","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Am. Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mulfin.2020.100625","article-title":"Modeling the relationship between oil and USD exchange rates: Evidence from a regime-switching-quantile regression approach","volume":"55","author":"Youssef","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Multinatl. Financ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2018.07.001","article-title":"On the study of conditional dependence structure between oil, gold and USD exchange rates","volume":"59","author":"Bedoui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Financ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horobet, A., Vrinceanu, G., Popescu, C., and Belascu, L. (2019). Oil Price and Stock Prices of EU Financial Companies: Evidence from Panel Data Modeling. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12214072"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102110","article-title":"On the connection between oil and global foreign exchange markets: The role of economic policy uncertainty","volume":"72","author":"Fasanya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inteco.2018.01.004","article-title":"Under pressure: Dynamic pass-through of oil prices to the RUB\/USD exchange rate","volume":"156","author":"Fedoseeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Econ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.03.071","article-title":"Oil price and USD-Naira exchange rate crash: Can economic diversification save the Naira?","volume":"118","author":"Alley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102025","article-title":"On the relation between Pandemic Disease Outbreak News and Crude oil, Gold, Gold mining, Silver and Energy Markets","volume":"72","author":"Shaikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2021.101702","article-title":"Crude oil market and stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the US, Japan, and Germany","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Financ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.117612","article-title":"The effects and reacts of COVID-19 pandemic and international oil price on energy, economy, and environment in China","volume":"302","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0548(01)00111-3","article-title":"A Gibbs sampling scheme to the product partition model: An application to change-point problems","volume":"30","author":"Loschi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00402","article-title":"Bayesian Clustering and Product Partition Models","volume":"65","author":"Quintana","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B-Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2004.03.003","article-title":"Extension to the product partition model: Computing the probability of a change","volume":"48","author":"Loschi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2013.09.014","article-title":"Detecting changes in time series: A product partition model with across-cluster correlation","volume":"96","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2020.101562","article-title":"Identifying the comovement of price between China\u2019s and international crude oil futures: A time-frequency perspective","volume":"72","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Financ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2021.105377","article-title":"The effect of temperature anomaly and macroeconomic fundamentals on agricultural commodity futures returns","volume":"100","author":"Makkonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"109","article-title":"Identification and Analysis of the Breaking Point of Oil Price","volume":"24","author":"Chai","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Popul. Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Zhang, T., Zhu, H., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Bai, G., Dai, R., Zhou, P., and Luo, L. (2020). Characteristics of and Public Health Emergency Responses to COVID-19 and H1N1 Outbreaks: A Case-Comparison Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124409"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2012.01.006","article-title":"OPEC news announcements: Effects on oil price expectation and volatility","volume":"34","author":"Schmidbauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117219","article-title":"Factors driving oil price\u2014From the perspective of United States","volume":"197","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilder-Smith, A., Leong, W.-Y., Lopez, L.F., Amaku, M., Quam, M., Khan, K., and Massad, E. (2015). Potential for international spread of wild poliovirus via travelers. BMC Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0363-y"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404505","article-title":"Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea","volume":"371","author":"Baize","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602113","article-title":"Zika Virus","volume":"374","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1904253","article-title":"The Ongoing Ebola Epidemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2018\u20132019","volume":"381","author":"Moeti","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00503-1","article-title":"Urgent lessons from COVID 19: Why the world needs a standing, coordinated system and sustainable financing for global research and development","volume":"397","author":"Lurie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins University & Medicine (2021, October 31). Coronavirus Resource Center. Available online: https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbdelMaksoud, K.M., Hathout, H.M.R., and Albagoury, S.H. (2021). The socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on the petroleum sector in Egypt: A descriptive analysis. Int. J. Soc. Econ., ahead-of-print.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSE-10-2020-0688"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2021.105517","article-title":"The Russia-Saudi Arabia oil price war during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"102","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Econ."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/24\/12955\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:43:24Z","timestamp":1760168604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/24\/12955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182412955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182412955","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]}}}