{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:12:28Z","timestamp":1788304348703,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72002211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72002211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative","award":["YD2160002010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD2160002010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An expanding \u201cgig\u201d economy has changed the nature of employment; thus, researchers have recently focused on exploring the role of job precariousness in the workplace. However, little research attention has been given to understanding why, how and when job precariousness leads to employees\u2019 negative behavioral outcomes in the service-oriented industry. In the current study, we examined job insecurity as a mediator and employees\u2019 negative affect as a moderator in the relationship between job precariousness and employees\u2019 withdrawal behavior. Using a sample of 472 employees working in Chinese hotels, we found that job precariousness is positively related to employees\u2019 withdrawal behavior by increasing their job insecurity. Moreover, this mediating relationship is conditional on the moderator variable of employees\u2019 negative affect for the path from job insecurity to withdrawal behavior. The importance of these findings for understanding the undesirable behavior outcomes of job precariousness is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182412999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:46:58Z","timestamp":1639086418000},"page":"12999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Precarious Job Makes Me Withdraw? The Role of Job Insecurity and Negative Affect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shanting","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tourism and Events, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangli","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics & Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0000-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjing","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Department of Management & Organization, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Intellectual Property Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kalleberg, A.L. (2011). Good Jobs, Bad Jobs: The Rise of Polarized and Precarious Employment Systems in the United States, 1970s\u20132000s, Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warhurst, C., and Knox, A. (2020). Manifesto for a new Quality of Working Life. Hum. Relat.","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726720979348"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Vosko, L.F. (2010). Managing the Margins: Gender, Citizenship, and the International Regulation of Precarious Employment, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2017.1369447","article-title":"Saying it without words: A qualitative study of employee voice in the Iranian building sector","volume":"29","author":"Soltani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"ILO (2011). From Precarious Work to Decent Work. Policies and Regulations to Combat Precarious Employment, International Labour Office."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2013.1844","article-title":"Volume flexibility in services: The costs and benefits of flexible labor resources","volume":"60","author":"Kesavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/0950017016638023","article-title":"Neo-villeiny and the service sector: The case of hyper flexible and precarious work in fitness centres","volume":"31","author":"Harvey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Work. Employ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1177\/1069072720920788","article-title":"The Development and Initial Validation of a Self-Report Job Precariousness Scale Suitable for Use With Young Adults Who Study and Work","volume":"28","author":"Creed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Career Assess."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-017-1635-z","article-title":"Job insecurity: Differential effects of subjective and objective measures on life satisfaction trajectories of workers aged 27\u201330 in Germany","volume":"137","author":"Helbling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/0143831X03024002002","article-title":"\u2018Objective\u2019 vs \u2018subjective\u2019 job insecurity: Consequences of temporary work for job satisfaction and organizational commitment in four European countries","volume":"24","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econ. Ind. Democr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/0143831X09358362","article-title":"Employment status and job insecurity: On the subjective appraisal of an objective status","volume":"31","author":"Klandermans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Econ. Ind. Democr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2020.103491","article-title":"Precarious work in the 21st century: A psychological perspective","volume":"126","author":"Allan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978656","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/978656","article-title":"Employment precariousness and poor mental health: Evidence from Spain on a new social determinant of health","volume":"2013","author":"Vives","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112424","article-title":"Precarious sleep? Nonstandard work, gender, and sleep disturbance in 31 European countries","volume":"237","author":"Mai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/095851900339756","article-title":"Strategic segmentation in front-line services: Matching customers, employees and human resource systems","volume":"11","author":"Batt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.77.3.309","article-title":"Employee substance use and on-the-job behaviors","volume":"77","author":"Lehman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johns, G. (2002). The psychology of lateness, absenteeism, and turnover. Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology, SAGE Publications Ltd.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781848608368.n13"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hulin, C. (1991). Adaptation, Persistence, and Commitment in Organizations, Available online: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/1993-97200-008."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-011-0872-3","article-title":"Withdrawal behaviors syndrome: An ethical perspective","volume":"103","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640","article-title":"Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences","volume":"5","author":"Hobfoll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","article-title":"Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress","volume":"44","author":"Hobfoll","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1911","article-title":"Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research","volume":"43","author":"Shoss","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3797","article-title":"Precarious employment and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"45","author":"Jonsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewchuk, W., and Clarke, M. (2011). Working without Commitments: The Health Effects of Precarious Employment, McGill-Queen\u2019s Press-MQUP.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780773586260"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3860","article-title":"Precarious employment in occupational health\u2013an OMEGA-NET working group position paper","volume":"46","author":"Bodin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"565","article-title":"The moderating role of positive and negative affect on the relationship between perceived social support and stress in college students","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ. Sci. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/0730888412460533","article-title":"Job quality and precarious work: Clarifications, controversies, and challenges","volume":"39","author":"Kalleberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work. Occup."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/0950017008093477","article-title":"Working without commitments: Precarious employment and health","volume":"22","author":"Lewchuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Work. Employ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2010.06.013","article-title":"Precarious employment, working hours, work-life conflict and health in hotel work","volume":"42","author":"McNamara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2018.1528473","article-title":"Commercial airline pilots\u2019 declining professional standing and increasing precarious employment","volume":"32","author":"Maxwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Quinlan, M., and Bohle, P. (2015). Job Quality: The Impact of Work Organisation on Health, The Federation Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NNA.0000420390.87789.67","article-title":"Effects of nurse staffing and nurse education on patient deaths in hospitals with different nurse work environments","volume":"42","author":"Aiken","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Adm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2013.845420","article-title":"Vulnerable workers, precarious work and the role of trade unions and HRM","volume":"24","author":"Burgess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Mrozowicki, A., Karolak, M., and Krasowska, A. (2016). Between commitment and indifference: Trade unions, young workers and the expansion of precarious employment in Poland. Labour and Social Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-152136","article-title":"Explaining the relation between precarious employment and mental well-being. A qualitative study among temporary agency workers","volume":"53","author":"Bosmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2007.06.005","article-title":"\u2018This just isn\u2019t sustainable\u2019: Precarious employment, stress and workers\u2019 health","volume":"30","author":"Clarke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Getting to the \u201cCOR\u201d understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory","volume":"40","author":"Halbesleben","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobfoll, S.E. (2011). Conservation of Resources Theory: Its Implication for Stress, Health, and Resilience, Routledge.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195375343.013.0007"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013115","article-title":"On the role of positive and negative affectivity in job performance: A meta-analytic investigation","volume":"94","author":"Kaplan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030120205","article-title":"Coping patterns as predictors of burnout: The function of control and escapist coping patterns","volume":"12","author":"Leiter","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Lazarus, R.S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, Springer Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Lazarus, R.S. (2006). Stress and Emotion: A New Synthesis, Springer Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCMA-09-2019-0159","article-title":"Job insecurity and work\u2013family conflict: A moderated mediation model of perceived organizational justice, emotional exhaustion and work withdrawal","volume":"31","author":"Nauman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Confl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.21638","article-title":"Revisiting the curvilinear relation between job insecurity and work withdrawal: The moderating role of achievement orientation and risk aversion","volume":"54","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2010.00430.x","article-title":"A Swiss\u2013US comparison of the correlates of job insecurity","volume":"60","author":"Probst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/peps.12009","article-title":"A meta-analytic structural model of dispositonal affectivity and emotional labor","volume":"66","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/job.754","article-title":"Employee voice behavior: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources framework","volume":"33","author":"Ng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/job.767","article-title":"The employee as a punching bag: The effect of multiple sources of incivility on employee withdrawal behavior and sales performance","volume":"33","author":"Sliter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038165","article-title":"Do positive affectivity and boundary preferences matter for work\u2013family enrichment? A study of human service workers","volume":"20","author":"McNall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.76.3.398","article-title":"Negative affectivity as the underlying cause of correlations between stressors and strains","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.96.3.465","article-title":"Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states","volume":"96","author":"Watson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.1950","article-title":"Can negative mood improve your conversation? Affective influences on conforming to Grice\u2019s communication norms","volume":"43","author":"Koch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02404","article-title":"The role of rumination and negative affect in meaning making following stressful experiences in a Japanese sample","volume":"9","author":"Kamijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1043619","article-title":"Positive affect predicts everyday problem-solving ability in older adults","volume":"20","author":"Paterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000546","article-title":"Associations of positive affect and negative affect with allostatic load: A lifelines cohort study","volume":"80","author":"Schenk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Tennen, H., and Affleck, G. (1999). Finding benefits in adversity. Coping: The Psychology of What Works, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2012.712751","article-title":"Do people with traditional values suffer more from job insecurity? The moderating effects of traditionality","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Brislin, R.W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology: Methodology, Allyn and Bacon, Springer Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102703","article-title":"COVID-19: The effects of job insecurity on the job engagement and turnover intent of deluxe hotel employees and the moderating role of generational characteristics","volume":"92","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Harman, H.H. (1976). Modern Factor Analysis, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Modeling A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.4.422","article-title":"Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations","volume":"7","author":"Shrout","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"98","article-title":"Precarious work and the reluctance to complain: Italian temporary migrant workers in Australia","volume":"29","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Labour Ind. J. Soc. Econ. Relat. Work"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1108\/PR-04-2015-0110","article-title":"Early exit or longer stay? The effect of precarious employment on planned age of retirement","volume":"46","author":"Livanos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/1024529418822920","article-title":"Sensemaking as \u2018Self\u2019-defence: Investigating spaces of resistance in precarious work","volume":"24","author":"Manolchev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240907400101","article-title":"Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition","volume":"74","author":"Kalleberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1548051810368679","article-title":"Temporary worker alienation and job performance: The impact of rating source","volume":"17","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Leadersh. Organ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/1035304617722943","article-title":"Precarious jobs: Where are they, and how do they affect well-being?","volume":"28","author":"Lewchuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econ. Labour Relat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Smith, V. (2018). Crossing the Great Divide, Cornell University Press."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Perulli, A. (2003). Economically Dependent\/Quasi-Subordinate (Parasubordinate) Employment: Legal, Social and Economic Aspects. Study, European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/imago.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/images_pdfs_5c32fc1b528601980f68d5b8cbabde44.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kretsos, L., and Livanos, I. (2016). The extent and determinants of precarious employment in Europe. Int. J. Manpow., 25\u201343.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJM-12-2014-0243"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000158","article-title":"Deviance and exit: The organizational costs of job insecurity and moral disengagement","volume":"102","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/13678868.2018.1530170","article-title":"Supervisory coaching and performance feedback as mediators of the relationships between leadership styles, work engagement, and turnover intention","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Dev. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2007.00089.x","article-title":"Reconsidering the use of personality tests in personnel selection contexts","volume":"60","author":"Morgeson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/24\/12999\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:44:11Z","timestamp":1760168651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/24\/12999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph182412999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182412999","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]}}}