{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T08:24:39Z","timestamp":1781166279319,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01CA242740-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01CA242740-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally, but trends in TBL mortality attributable to tobacco, ambient particulate matter pollution (APMP), and household air pollution (HAP) were unequally distributed within global population subgroups over the last three decades. We used data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study to quantify the impact of sex, time, sociodemographic development index (SDI), and age for each exposure from 1990\u20132019. During that interval, tobacco dominated the TBL cancer mortality landscape, with its minimum global age-adjusted death rate of 16.71 deaths\/100,000 (95% Uncertainty Interval (UI): 15.27\u201318.13) outstripping maximums of 3.85 deaths\/100,000 (UI: 2.82\u20134.83) and 2.54 deaths\/100,000 (UI: 1.69\u20133.54) for APMP and HAP, respectively. In 2019, tobacco male TBL death rates exceeded female rates by a factor of 4.4:1. Ratios of 1.9:1 for APMP and 2.1:1 for HAP were seen. Our analysis indicates that both-sex middle SDI and female low, low-middle, and high-middle SDI populations are suffering increasing tobacco TBL burden. Efforts producing successful global reductions in HAP-associated TBL mortality should continue, with attention to low SDI female death rate increases. Finally, except for high SDI populations, global APMP-attributable TBL cancer burden is increasing and represents a major health concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T09:34:25Z","timestamp":1639474465000},"page":"13162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterizing Trends in Lung Cancer Mortality Attributable to Airborne Environmental Carcinogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3088-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell","family":"Veith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drury","family":"McAlarney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Rohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4151-1133","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"H. Dean","family":"Hosgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators (2020). Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 396, 1223\u20131249."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cohen, A. (2013). 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