{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:03:19Z","timestamp":1790654599953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRN: 13666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRN: 13666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["New Investigator Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["New Investigator Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Foundation Scheme Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Foundation Scheme Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness","award":["Policy Development Contribution Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Policy Development Contribution Program"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Volunteer and career firefighters are at risk of major depressive disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol use disorder, and other mental health disorders due to the demanding and unpredictable nature of their employment. The mental health risks are exacerbated by the need to work extended hours, night shifts, and\/or rotating schedules, or the competing demands of other employment, especially in volunteer firefighters. The mental health disorders and risk factors interact with altered sleeping patterns. In the current study, we examined volunteer and career firefighters regarding the association between mental health and sleep, drawing from a national Canadian mental health survey of 1217 firefighters. Most (69%) of the firefighters reported less than ideal sleep quality and 21% screened positive for clinical insomnia, with no significant difference between volunteer and career subgroups. Firefighters with insomnia had higher odds ratios (OR) and frequencies for PTSD (OR = 4.98), generalized anxiety disorder (OR = 7.15), panic disorder (OR = 6.88), social phobia (OR = 4.98), and major depressive disorder (OR = 7.91), than firefighters without insomnia. The burden of sleep disorders and their association with mental health disorders suggests that sleep should be considered in health monitoring and self-management, environmental design, fire service work-organization policies, and health programming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T11:27:36Z","timestamp":1639654056000},"page":"13256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Heidi","family":"Cramm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6373-2976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6728-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laleh","family":"Jamshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Edgelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6913-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianne","family":"Groll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-8968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rose","family":"Ricciardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9311-7379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joy Christine","family":"MacDermid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy and Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Keiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kingston Fire & Rescue, Kingston, ON K7P 1N3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6083-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Nicholas","family":"Carleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/cbs0000115","article-title":"Exposures to potentially traumatic events among public safety personnel in Canada","volume":"51","author":"Carleton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Behav. Sci. Rev. Can. Des Sci. Du Comport."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.037","article-title":"Differences in psychiatric symptoms and barriers to mental health care between volunteer and career firefighters","volume":"247","author":"Stanley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Haynes, H.J.G., and Stein, G.P. (2018). 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