{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:29:29Z","timestamp":1782833369642,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of asthma and its associating environmental factors within a 6\u201312-year-old population. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted in primary schools located in the capital of Hungary; 3836 eligible parent-reported questionnaires were evaluated. Besides the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase three core questions for asthma, the survey also assessed various potential risk factors. We introduced the umbrella term cumulative asthma as the union of physician-diagnosed asthma and current wheezing to estimate the lifetime prevalence of asthma. Current wheezing and physician-diagnosed asthma showed a frequency of 9.5% and 6.3%, respectively. They contributed to a cumulative asthma prevalence of 12.6% among the sampled population, with a girl-boy percentage of 37.4% to 62.6%. Air-pollution and weedy areas were associated with greater risk for asthma, while a suburban residence showed lesser odds. Indoor smoking, visible mold, and keeping a dog were defined as risk factors for asthma, while the presence of plants in the bedroom and pet rodents were associated with lower odds ratios. The consumption of fast food, beverages containing additives and margarine were significantly higher in asthmatics, while we found frequent sport activity and cereal intake associated with lower odds ratios for asthma. In this urban environment, we identified an increased asthma prevalence compared to some previously published studies, but the cross-sectional design and the different methodology did not permit us to draw timeframe-dependent conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T08:43:32Z","timestamp":1639989812000},"page":"13403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prevalence of Asthma and Its Associating Environmental Factors among 6\u201312-Year-Old Schoolchildren in a Metropolitan Environment\u2014A Cross-Sectional, Questionnaire-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3631-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1vid","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, 58 T\u0171zolt\u00f3 Street, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Medical Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hungarian Defence Forces, 109-111 Podmaniczky Street, H-1062 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"G\u00e1lffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pest County Pulmonology Hospital, T\u00f6r\u00f6kb\u00e1lint, 70 Munk\u00e1csy Mih\u00e1ly Street, H-2045 Torokbalint, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alp\u00e1r","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pest County Pulmonology Hospital, T\u00f6r\u00f6kb\u00e1lint, 70 Munk\u00e1csy Mih\u00e1ly Street, H-2045 Torokbalint, Hungary"},{"name":"Medical Department of Chiesi Hungary Ltd., 2 Dunavir\u00e1g Street, H-1138 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7889-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Tomisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department of Chiesi Hungary Ltd., 2 Dunavir\u00e1g Street, H-1138 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1026-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Katona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Heim P\u00e1l National Pediatric Institute, 86 \u00dcll\u0151i Street, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andor","family":"Hirschberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Saint John\u2019s Hospital, 1-3 Di\u00f3s \u00e1rok Street, H-1125 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgyi","family":"Mezei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Paediatrics, Division of Allergo-Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, 53\u201354 B\u00f3kay J\u00e1nos Street, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Sult\u00e9sz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Heim P\u00e1l National Pediatric Institute, 86 \u00dcll\u0151i Street, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) (2021). 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