{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:46:04Z","timestamp":1790127964886,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Do addictions share common traits of an \u201caddictive personality\u201d or do different addictions have distinct personality profiles? This narrative review examines the differences in the associations between substance use disorder (SUD) and compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), on the one hand, and personality traits, attachment dispositions, and temperament, on the other hand. We found that both people with a SUD and people with CSBD tended to be more spontaneous, careless, and less reliable, to place self-interest above getting along with others, to show emotional instability and experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, and\/or depression, to be less able to control their attention and\/or behavior, and to be engulfed with a constant sensation of \u201cwanting\u201d. Only people with CSBD, but not SUD, noted concerns with their social ties, fear of losing close others, and\/or trusting others around them. Results also suggested that people with a SUD and people with CSBD share high commonalities in personality traits and temperament, yet there are noted differences in their social tendencies, especially with close others. People with CSBD reported more concerns with possible relationship losses compared to people with SUD issues, who may be more worried about losing their source of escapism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T06:55:03Z","timestamp":1640674503000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Common Features in Compulsive Sexual Behavior, Substance Use Disorders, Personality, Temperament, and Attachment\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3176-3708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaniv","family":"Efrati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0404-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane W.","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gal","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Behavioural Addiction: An Issue for Everybody?","volume":"8","author":"Griffiths","year":"1996","journal-title":"Emil. Couns. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.662859","article-title":"Behavioral Addictions: An Overview","volume":"44","author":"Karim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korn\u00f8r, H., and Nordvik, H. (2007). Five-Factor Model Personality Traits in Opioid Dependence. BMC Psychiatry, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-7-37"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.03.007","article-title":"Personality Profiles of Substance and Behavioral Addictions","volume":"82","author":"Zilberman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.100","article-title":"Understanding and Predicting Profiles of Compulsive Sexual Behavior among Adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Efrati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehrman, E., Egan, V., Gorban, A.N., Levesley, J., Mirkes, E.M., and Muhammad, A.K. (2019). Personality Traits and Drug Consumption: A Story Told by Data, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-10442-9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2019.1599092","article-title":"The Relation of Intra-Psychic and Relational Aspects of the Self to Compulsive Sexual Behavior","volume":"45","author":"Efrati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2018.1498113","article-title":"A Developmental Model of Addictions: Integrating Neurobiological and Psychodynamic Theories through the Lens of Attachment","volume":"21","author":"Mayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15037","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010654108","article-title":"Addiction: Beyond Dopamine Reward Circuitry","volume":"108","author":"Volkow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00545","article-title":"Addiction and Will","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0093","article-title":"The Incentive Sensitization Theory of Addiction: Some Current Issues","volume":"363","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101925","article-title":"Sexual Addiction 25 Years on: A Systematic and Methodological Review of Empirical Literature and an Agenda for Future Research","volume":"82","author":"Grubbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2021, November 09). International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/standards\/classifications\/classification-of-diseases."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20499","article-title":"Compulsive Sexual Behaviour Disorder in the ICD-11","volume":"17","author":"Kraus","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-009-9574-7","article-title":"Hypersexual Disorder: A Proposed Diagnosis for DSM-V","volume":"39","author":"Kafka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2021, November 09). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/dev11\/l-m\/en#\/http:\/\/id.who.int\/icd\/entity\/1630268048."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Gola, M., Lewczuk, K., Potenza, M.N., Kingston, D.A., Grubbs, J.B., Stark, R., and Reid, R.C. (2020). What Should Be Included in the Criteria for Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder?. J. Behav. Addict., 1."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11930-018-0143-8","article-title":"Treating Compulsive Sexual Behavior","volume":"10","author":"Efrati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Sex. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11930-018-0176-z","article-title":"Neurocognitive Mechanisms in Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder","volume":"10","author":"Kowalewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Sex. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106384","article-title":"Psychiatric Comorbidity in Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD)","volume":"107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Kraus, S.W., Popat-Jain, A., and Potenza, M.N. (2021). Compulsive Sexual Behavior and Substance Use Disorders. Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Understanding, Assessment, and Treatment, American Psychiatric Association Publishing."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeigler-Hill, V., and Shackelford, T.K. (2016). Addictive Personality. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10770693","article-title":"The Stability of Personality: Observation and Evaluations","volume":"3","author":"McCrae","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.1.26","article-title":"The Structure of Phenotypic Personality Traits","volume":"48","author":"Goldberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"John, O.P., and Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.1.173","article-title":"Nature over Nurture: Temperament, Personality, and Life Span Development","volume":"78","author":"McCrae","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.1.81","article-title":"Validation of the Five-Factor Model of Personality across Instruments and Observers","volume":"52","author":"McCrae","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.6.1246","article-title":"Higher-Order Factors of the Big Five","volume":"73","author":"Digman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2005.19.3.212","article-title":"Personality Dimensions across Cultures","volume":"19","author":"Allik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Personal. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.5.509","article-title":"Personality Trait Structure as a Human Universal","volume":"52","author":"McCrae","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2007.00002.x","article-title":"Executive Attention and Effortful Control: Linking Temperament, Brain Networks, and Genes","volume":"1","author":"Rothbart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417001742","article-title":"Adolescence Effortful Control as a Mediator between Family Ecology and Problematic Substance Use in Early Adulthood: A 16-Year Prospective Study","volume":"30","author":"Mun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008","article-title":"A Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character","volume":"50","author":"Cloninger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Mikulincer, M., and Shaver, P.R. (2016). Adult Attachment and Emotion Regulation. Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, Guilford Publications."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Brennan, K.A., Clark, C.L., and Shaver, P.R. (1998). Self-Report Measurement of Adult Attachment: An Integrative Overview. Attachment Theory and Close Relationships, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, N.L., and Allard, L.M. (2004). Cognitive Representations of Attachment: The Content and Function of Working Models. Social Cognition, Perspectives on Social Psychology, Blackwell Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470998557.ch3"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.5.929","article-title":"When Sex Is More than Just Sex: Attachment Orientations, Sexual Experience, and Relationship Quality","volume":"91","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.1.94","article-title":"Attachment to Groups: Theory and Measurement","volume":"77","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"11","article-title":"An Attachment Perspective on Psychopathology","volume":"11","author":"Mikulincer","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Psychiatry Off. J. World Psychiatr. Assoc. WPA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sameroff, A.J., Lewis, M., and Miller, S.M. (2000). Relationships, Development, and Psychopathology. Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4163-9"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2010.00645.x","article-title":"Adult Attachment, Dependence, Self-Criticism, and Depressive Symptoms: A Test of a Mediational Model","volume":"78","author":"Cantazaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/ajop.12001","article-title":"Adult Attachment, Emotion Dysregulation, and Symptoms of Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder","volume":"83","author":"Marganska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2009.28.8.1022","article-title":"Adult Attachment Insecurities Are Related to Obsessive Compulsive Phenomena","volume":"28","author":"Doron","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019500","article-title":"Together in Pain: Attachment-Related Dyadic Processes and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"57","author":"Doron","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181ef34b2","article-title":"Attachment Insecurity Predicts Eating Disorder Symptoms and Treatment Outcomes in a Clinical Sample of Women","volume":"198","author":"Illing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.07.259","article-title":"The Relationship between Attachment Styles and Suicide Ideation: The Study of Turkmen Students, Iran","volume":"5","author":"Davaji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Ein-Dor, T., and Doron, G. (2015). Psychopathology and Attachment. Attachment Theory and Research: New Directions and Emerging Themes, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"484","article-title":"Extending the Transdiagnostic Model of Attachment and Psychopathology","volume":"7","author":"Viglin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orilisi, G., Mascitti, M., Togni, L., Monterubbianesi, R., Tosco, V., Vitiello, F., Santarelli, A., Putignano, A., and Orsini, G. (2021). Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312511"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020327","article-title":"Linking \u201cBig\u201d Personality Traits to Anxiety, Depressive, and Substance Use Disorders: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"136","author":"Kotov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000468","article-title":"Big Five Personality Traits and Alcohol, Nicotine, Cannabis, and Gambling Disorder Comorbidity","volume":"33","author":"Dash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12185","article-title":"The Relationship between the FFM Personality Traits, State Psychopathology, and Sexual Compulsivity in a Sample of Male College Students","volume":"10","author":"Pinto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-015-0606-1","article-title":"An Online Assessment of Personality, Psychological, and Sexuality Trait Variables Associated with Self-Reported Hypersexual Behavior","volume":"46","author":"Walton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"006","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.jatr.1001011","article-title":"Sexual Addiction, Self-Esteem and Personality Dimensions","volume":"4","author":"Amamou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Addict. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-019-00109-x","article-title":"Role of Personality Characteristics and Sexual Orientation in the Risk for Sexual Addiction Among Israeli Men: Validation of a Hebrew Sex Addiction Scale","volume":"19","author":"Paz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soraci, P., Melchiori, F.M., Del Fante, E., Melchiori, R., Guaitoli, E., Lagattolla, F., Parente, G., Bonanno, E., Norbiato, L., and Cimaglia, R. (2021). Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Bergen\u2013Yale Sex Addiction Scale. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00597-w"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90005-3","article-title":"The Drug Abuse Screening Test","volume":"7","author":"Skinner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2017.1405297","article-title":"Individual-Based Compulsive Sexual Behavior Scale: Its Development and Importance in Examining Compulsive Sexual Behavior","volume":"44","author":"Efrati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/009262301317081070","article-title":"Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory: A Preliminary Study of Reliability and Validity","volume":"27","author":"Coleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0399-7","article-title":"The Relationship Between Hypersexual Behavior, Sexual Excitation, Sexual Inhibition, and Personality Traits","volume":"45","author":"Rettenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/10720162.2011.555709","article-title":"Reliability, Validity, and Psychometric Development of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory in an Outpatient Sample of Men","volume":"18","author":"Reid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex. Addict. Compulsivity"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.101","article-title":"The Contribution of Personality Factors and Gender to Ratings of Sex Addiction among Men and Women Who Use the Internet for Sex Purpose","volume":"7","author":"Shimoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"29","article-title":"Sexual Addiction Screening Test","volume":"54","author":"Carnes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tenn. Nurse"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00144","article-title":"The Development and Validation of the Bergen\u2013Yale Sex Addiction Scale with a Large National Sample","volume":"9","author":"Andreassen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.149","article-title":"A New, Semi-Structured Psychiatric Interview for Use in Genetic Linkage Studies: A Report on the Reliability of the SSAGA","volume":"55","author":"Bucholz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005643","article-title":"Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Alcohol Dependence Risk in a National Twin Sample: Consistency of Findings in Women and Men","volume":"27","author":"Heath","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.132.11.1187","article-title":"Clinical Criteria for Psychiatric Diagnosis and DSM-III","volume":"132","author":"Spitzer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01971","article-title":"Associations Between the Big Five Personality Traits and the Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs for Cognitive Enhancement","volume":"6","author":"Sattler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terracciano, A., L\u00f6ckenhoff, C.E., Crum, R.M., Bienvenu, O.J., and Costa, P.T. (2008). Five-Factor Model Personality Profiles of Drug Users. BMC Psychiatry, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-22"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-013-9445-2","article-title":"Differences in Big Five Personality Traits between Alcohol and Polydrug Abusers: Implications for Treatment in the Therapeutic Community","volume":"11","author":"Lackner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2017.74","article-title":"Five-Factor Model Personality Profiles: The Differences between Alcohol and Opiate Addiction among Females","volume":"29","author":"Raketic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-13-6","article-title":"Shared Psychological Characteristics That Are Linked to Aggression between Patients with Internet Addiction and Those with Alcohol Dependence","volume":"13","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.04.005","article-title":"The Role of Affective Dysregulation in Drug Addiction","volume":"30","author":"Cheetham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00231","article-title":"Behavioral Control and Reward Sensitivity in Adolescents\u2019 Risk Taking Behavior: A Longitudinal TRAILS Study","volume":"8","author":"Peeters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"196","article-title":"The Influence of School Environment and Self-Regulation on Transitions between Stages of Cigarette Smoking: A Multilevel Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Novak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Off. J. Div. Health Psychol. Am. Psychol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1284","article-title":"A Social Learning Perspective: A Model of Parenting Styles, Self-Regulation, Perceived Drinking Control, and Alcohol Use and Problems","volume":"25","author":"Cheong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.5.901","article-title":"Activity and Mood Temperament as Predictors of Adolescent Substance Use: Test of a Self-Regulation Mediational Model","volume":"68","author":"Wills","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.8.2.225","article-title":"\u201cLoss of Control\u201d in Alcoholism and Drug Addiction: A Neuroscientific Interpretation","volume":"8","author":"Lyvers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.2.302","article-title":"Neuropsychological Executive Functioning in Children at Elevated Risk for Alcoholism: Findings in Early Adolescence","volume":"113","author":"Nigg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12062","article-title":"Self-Determination and Substance Use: Is Effortful Control a Mediator?","volume":"37","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.04.018","article-title":"Personality Profiles in Substance Use Disorders: Do They Differ in Clinical Symptomatology, Personality Disorders and Coping?","volume":"131","author":"Santens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2013.830772","article-title":"Relationships of Personality Dimensions with Impulsivity in Alcohol-Dependent Inpatient Men","volume":"68","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"First, M.B. (1997). User\u2019s Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders SCID-I: Clinician Version, American Psychiatric Press."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00225.x","article-title":"Decision Making, Impulsivity, and Personality Traits in Alcohol-Dependent Subjects","volume":"21","author":"Tomassini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21142","DOI":"10.5812\/ijhrba.21142","article-title":"Temperament and Character Dimensions: Correlates of Impulsivity in Morphine Addicts","volume":"4","author":"Abassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. High Risk Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2013.856477","article-title":"Personality Traits of Substance Abusers in Turkish Military Population","volume":"19","author":"Can","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.05.015","article-title":"Personality Traits and Substance Use Disorders: Comparative Study with Drug User and Non-Drug User Population","volume":"148","author":"Hosseinnezhad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24585","DOI":"10.5812\/ijhrba.24585","article-title":"Role of Temperament, Personality Traits and Onset Age of Smoking in Predicting Opiate Dependence","volume":"4","author":"Amirabadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. High Risk Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.005","article-title":"Quality of Life and Personality Disorders in Heroin Abusers","volume":"76","author":"Fassino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2004.04.003","article-title":"Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) Personality Profile in Metamphetamine Abusers: A Controlled Study","volume":"19","author":"Preiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry J. Assoc. Eur. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1159\/000506473","article-title":"Problematic Alcohol and Drug Use Is Associated with Low Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness","volume":"26","author":"Steingrimsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care; WHO\/MSD\/MSB\/01.6a, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.01.008","article-title":"The Psychometric Properties of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT): A Review of Recent Research","volume":"53","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"47","article-title":"Temperament of Juvenile Delinquents with History of Substance Abuse","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-013-9938-x","article-title":"The Dimensional Assessment of Personality in Drug Addicts: A Mixed-Effects Rasch Model Approach","volume":"48","author":"Sarra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm183","article-title":"Pathways to Substance-Related Disorder: A Structural Model Approach Exploring the Influence of Temperament, Character, and Childhood Adversity in a National Cohort of Prisoners","volume":"43","author":"Lukasiewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Goossens, C.L. (2011). The Effects of Perceived Childhood Rearing on Substance and Behaviour Addiction among Japanese University Students: Mediation through Personality Traits. Family Life, Roles, Bonds and Impact, Nova Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00251.x","article-title":"Temperament and Character Modify Risk of Drug Addiction and Influence Choice of Drugs","volume":"21","author":"Milivojevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00068-1","article-title":"Personality, Substance of Choice, and Polysubstance Involvement among Substance Dependent Patients","volume":"71","author":"Conway","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080801922652","article-title":"Personality Profile in Young Current Regular Users of Cocaine","volume":"43","author":"Herrero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1231","article-title":"Diagnosing Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Substance Abusers: Validity of the Spanish Versions of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV","volume":"161","author":"Torrens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12761","article-title":"Personality among Sexually Compulsive Men Who Practice Intentional Unsafe Sex in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Abdo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7603_02","article-title":"The Sexual Compulsivity Scale: Further Development and Use with HIV-Positive Persons","volume":"76","author":"Kalichman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050026","article-title":"The Psychometric Properties of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview","volume":"33","author":"Andrews","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Zucker, R.A., and Fitzgerald, H.E. (2002). Family Study of Risk for Alcoholism over the Life Course. Appendix 9.3 Assessment Protocol: Description of Instruments and Copies of Contact Schedules, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2018.1452088","article-title":"Adolescent Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Is It a Unique Psychological Phenomenon?","volume":"44","author":"Efrati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2008.12.014","article-title":"Dissecting Components of Reward: \u201cLiking\u201d, \u201cWanting\u201d, and Learning","volume":"9","author":"Berridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mechelmans, D.J., Irvine, M., Banca, P., Porter, L., Mitchell, S., Mole, T.B., Lapa, T.R., Harrison, N.A., Potenza, M.N., and Voon, V. (2014). Enhanced Attentional Bias towards Sexually Explicit Cues in Individuals with and without Compulsive Sexual Behaviours. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105476"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000141","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Associations between Substance Use and Interpersonal Attachment Security","volume":"144","author":"Fairbairn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.086","article-title":"Attachment and Emotion Regulation in Substance Addictions and Behavioral Addictions","volume":"6","author":"Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.4.2015.1.6","article-title":"Sexual Compulsion\u2014Relationship with Sex, Attachment and Sexual Orientation","volume":"4","author":"Weinstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"158","article-title":"Attachment Styles and Male Sex Addiction","volume":"15","author":"Zapf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Publ."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2014.958787","article-title":"Relationship Attachment Styles in a Sample of Hypersexual Patients","volume":"41","author":"Gilliland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/1533256X.2015.1091000","article-title":"Out-of-Control Sexual Behavior as a Symptom of Insecure Attachment in Men","volume":"15","author":"Crocker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Soc. Work Pract. Addict."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/jcad.12126","article-title":"Collegiate Sexual Addiction: Exploring Religious Coping and Attachment","volume":"95","author":"Giordano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Couns. Dev."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.064","article-title":"Hypersexual Behavior and Attachment Styles in a Non-Clinical Sample: The Mediation Role of Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms","volume":"293","author":"Ciocca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kircaburun, K., \u00dcn\u00fcbol, H., Sayar, G.H., \u00c7ark\u00e7\u0131, J., and Griffiths, M.D. (2021). Sex Addiction in Turkey: A Large-Scale Survey with a National Community Sample. Curr. Psychol., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01632-8"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106874","article-title":"Adolescents Who Solely Engage in Online Sexual Experiences Are at Higher Risk for Compulsive Sexual Behavior","volume":"118","author":"Efrati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/1\/296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:54:47Z","timestamp":1760169287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/1\/296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19010296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19010296","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]}}}