{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T14:12:23Z","timestamp":1793801543693,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR-01455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-01455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fresh produce, when consumed raw, can be a source of exposure to antimicrobial residues, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of clinical importance. This review aims to determine: (1) the presence and abundance of antimicrobial residues, ARB and ARGs in fresh agricultural products sold in retail markets and consumed raw; (2) associated health risks in humans; and (3) pathways through which fresh produce becomes contaminated with ARB\/ARGs. We searched the Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Hinari databases as well as grey literature, and identified 40 articles for inclusion. All studies investigated the occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and ten studies focused on ARGs in fresh produce, while none investigated antimicrobial residues. The most commonly observed ARB were E. coli (42.5%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (22.5%), and Salmonella spp. (20%), mainly detected on lettuce. Twenty-five articles mentioned health risks from consuming fresh produce but none quantified the risk. About half of the articles stated produce contamination occurred during pre- and post-harvest processes. Our review indicates that good agricultural and manufacturing practices, behavioural change communication and awareness-raising programs are required for all stakeholders along the food production and consumption supply chain to prevent ARB\/ARG exposure through produce.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T21:41:21Z","timestamp":1640900481000},"page":"360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Contamination of Fresh Produce with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Associated Risks to Human Health: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0520-2683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahbubur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6940-364X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahbub-Ul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6005-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmin Khan","family":"Luies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6516-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abul","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-7585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharika","family":"Ferdous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrie","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berkeley\u2019s School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7576-3756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazle","family":"Sharior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9210-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rizwana","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziaur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarker Masud","family":"Parvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7131-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuhu","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, 235 Jones St., Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rezaul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4005-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birkneh Tilahun","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Hawassa University, Shashemene, Awassa P.O. Box 5, Ethiopia"},{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Taneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Aminul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Center, Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, 240 SE Ott Road, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse","family":"Ercumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Drive, 3120 Jordan Hall, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, November 28). World Health Organization. Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption around the World. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/dietphysicalactivity\/fruit\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.09.005","article-title":"A nutrient density standard for vegetables and fruits: Nutrients per calorie and nutrients per unit cost","volume":"105","author":"Darmon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2501","article-title":"Unraveling the Role of Vegetables in Spreading Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria: A Need for Quantitative Risk Assessment","volume":"15","author":"Tetens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulger, T.G., Songur, A.N., Cirak, O., and Cakiroglu, F.P. (2018). Role of Vegetable in Human Nutrition and Disease Prevention. Veg. Importance Qual. Veg. Hum. Health, 7\u201332.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.77038"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO692","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2020-0189","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in the farm-to-plate continuum: More than a food safety issue","volume":"7","author":"Founou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.03.014","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of ESBL- and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae on retail vegetables","volume":"204","author":"Hoek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02091","article-title":"A State-of-Art Review on Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens in Foods of Animal Origin: Risk Factors and Mitigation Strategies","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-19-138","article-title":"Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase\u2013Producing Bacteria on Fresh Vegetables in Japan","volume":"82","author":"Usui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.02.039","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, resistance genes and class 1 integrons of Salmonella serovars in leafy vegetables, chicken carcasses and related processing environments in Malaysian fresh food markets","volume":"91","author":"Abatcha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"304","article-title":"Characterization of Escherichia coli strains isolated from raw vegetables","volume":"12","author":"Pleva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Potravin. Slovak J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.028","article-title":"Occurrence and characterisation of ESBL-encoding plasmids among Escherichia coli isolates from fresh vegetables","volume":"219","author":"Freitag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-178","article-title":"Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria from U.S.-Grown and Imported Fresh Produce Retailed in Chain Supermarkets and Ethnic Stores of Davidson County, Tennessee","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.06.008","article-title":"Presence and potential for horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance in oxidase-positive bacteria populating raw salad vegetables","volume":"127","author":"Bezanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Enterobacteriaceae and their significance to the food industry","volume":"52","author":"Baylis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Enterobact. Signif. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.4.503","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from vegetables","volume":"43","author":"Pensala","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"4292417","article-title":"Hiding in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Opportunistic Pathogens May Cross Geographical Barriers","volume":"2016","author":"Guizani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae in raw vegetables using Most Probable Number-Polymerase Chain Reaction (MPN-PCR)","volume":"19","author":"Puspanadan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2008.0128","article-title":"Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste","volume":"38","author":"Mackie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-020-0051-0","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance genes from livestock waste: Occurrence, dissemination, and treatment","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12178","article-title":"Effect of the food production chain from farm practices to vegetable processing on outbreak incidence","volume":"7","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-015-0019-9","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes are associated with ready-to-eat salad and vegetables in Pakistan","volume":"58","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.2065","article-title":"Presence of Multidrug-Resistant Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, Enteropathogenic E. coli and Enterotoxigenic E. coli, on Raw Nopalitos (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) and in Nopalitos Salads from Local Retail Markets in Mexico","volume":"13","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01139-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01139-17","article-title":"Emergence of mcr-1 in Raoultella ornithinolytica and Escherichia coli from retail vegetables, China","volume":"61","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"353","article-title":"Occurrence of Third-Generation Cephalosporins-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Purchased at Markets in Algeria","volume":"26","author":"Granier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12739","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12739","article-title":"Bacterial contamination and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in raw fruits and vegetables sold in Delhi, India","volume":"40","author":"Saksena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0198","article-title":"Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase, AmpC, and MBL-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria on Fresh Vegetables and Ready-to-Eat Salads Sold in Local Markets","volume":"24","author":"Iseppi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-274","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Salmonella Serotypes Isolated from Fresh Produce Marketed in the United States","volume":"79","author":"Reddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1831","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteritidis isolated from vegetable farms and retail markets in Malaysia","volume":"24","author":"Kuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"31","article-title":"Serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica isolated from pork, chicken meat and lettuce, bangkok and central Thailand","volume":"47","author":"Niyomdecha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1761","article-title":"Quantification and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella spp., Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in raw vegetables (ulam)","volume":"22","author":"Najwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.5.966","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella from Different Raw Foods in Mexico","volume":"72","author":"Miranda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"426241","article-title":"Diversity of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Determinants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Associated with Fresh Vegetables","volume":"2012","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01569","article-title":"From Farms to Markets: Gram-Negative Bacteria Resistant to Third-Generation Cephalosporins in Fruits and Vegetables in a Region of North Africa","volume":"8","author":"Granier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00353-3","article-title":"Identity and antibiotic susceptibility of enterobacterial flora of salad vegetables","volume":"18","author":"Shah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.12.2976","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from retail fruits, vegetables, and meats","volume":"69","author":"McGowan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiedler, G., Schneider, C., Igbinosa, E.O., Kabisch, J., Brinks, E., Becker, B., Stoll, D.A., Cho, G.-S., Huch, M., and Franz, C.M.A.P. (2019). Antibiotics resistance and toxin profiles of Bacillus cereus-group isolates from fresh vegetables from German retail markets. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1632-2"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2558","article-title":"Occurrence, Identification, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Extended-Spectrum and AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Fresh Vegetables Retailed in Gauteng Province, South Africa","volume":"16","author":"Richter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2015.11.033","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from vegetables","volume":"47","author":"Hofer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.049","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in ready-to-eat vegetables","volume":"207","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.067","article-title":"Comparative analysis of genetic diversity and incidence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among enterococcal populations from raw fruit and vegetable foods, water and soil, and clinical samples","volume":"123","author":"Abriouel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.011","article-title":"Characteristics of Escherichia coli from raw vegetables at a retail market in the Czech Republic","volume":"167","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S194635","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from market retail fruits in Guangzhou, China","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manageiro, V., Jones-Dias, D., Ferreira, E., and Cani\u00e7a, M. (2020). Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance (mcr-1) in Escherichia coli from Non-Imported Fresh Vegetables for Human Consumption in Portugal. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030429"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-199","article-title":"Microbiological Survey of Locally Grown Lettuce Sold at Farmers\u2019 Markets in Vancouver, British Columbia","volume":"78","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.04.013","article-title":"Colistin-Resistant mcr-Positive Enterobacteriaceae in Fresh Vegetables, an Increasing Infectious Threat in China","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01205","article-title":"A study on the prevalence of heavy metals, pesticides, and microbial contaminants and antibiotics resistance pathogens in raw salad vegetables sold in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1491","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from retail foods in northern Xinjiang, China","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.02.011","article-title":"Isolation, molecular identification and quinolone-susceptibility testing of Arcobacter spp. isolated from fresh vegetables in Spain","volume":"65","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3329\/sjm.v4i1.22755","article-title":"Incidence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria in vegetable items sold by local and super shops in Dhaka city","volume":"4","author":"Kabir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stamford J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex055","article-title":"Comparison of the isolation rates and characteristics of Salmonella isolated from antibiotic-free and conventional chicken meat samples","volume":"96","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1552","article-title":"Enterobacter and Klebsiella Species Isolated from Fresh Vegetables Marketed in Valencia (Spain) and Their Clinically Relevant Resistances to Chemotherapeutic Agents","volume":"10","author":"Falomir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02506-10","article-title":"Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Gene Sequences in Gram-Negative Saprophytes on Retail Organic and Nonorganic Spinach","volume":"77","author":"Raphael","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"70","article-title":"Prevalence of Multi Drug Resistant Bacteria on Raw Salad Vegetables Sold in Major Markets of Chittagong City, Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Nipa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Middle East J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"191","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from vegetables with regards to the marketing stage (farm vs. supermarket)","volume":"148","author":"Schwaiger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02974","article-title":"Prevalence and quantification of Listeria monocytogenes in chicken offal at the retail level in Malaysia","volume":"92","author":"Kuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2009.09.008","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes in raw salad vegetables sold at retail level in Malaysia","volume":"21","author":"Ponniah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(02)00105-6","article-title":"Incidence of Salmonella spp. in raw vegetables in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"14","author":"Rusul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822006000400025","article-title":"Microbiological Quality of Organic Vegetables Produced in Soil Treated with Different Types of Manure and Mineral Fertilizer","volume":"37","author":"Machado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"49","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enteritidis from foods involved in human salmonellosis outbreaks in southern Brazil","volume":"29","author":"Brandelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2018.01.003","article-title":"Sources and contamination routes of microbial pathogens to fresh produce during field cultivation: A review","volume":"73","author":"Alegbeleye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-011-0062-9","article-title":"Occurrence, fate, and ecotoxicity of antibiotics in agro-ecosystems. A review","volume":"32","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.140","article-title":"Veterinary antibiotics in animal waste, its distribution in soil and uptake by plants: A review","volume":"563","author":"Tasho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.10.024","article-title":"Understanding the routes of contamination of ready-to-eat vegetables in the Middle East","volume":"62","author":"Murtada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HausdorfLena, Fr\u00f6hlingAntje, Schl\u00fcterOliver, and KlockeMichael (2011). Analysis of the bacterial community within carrot wash water. Can. J. Microbiol., 57, 447\u2013452.","DOI":"10.1139\/w11-013"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"50","article-title":"In-store hygiene evaluation and its relationship with microbiological indices of some foods, sold in different retail market places in Lithuania","volume":"3","author":"Novoslavskij","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Microbiol. Saf. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"84","article-title":"Gulls identified as major source of fecal pollution in coastal waters: A microbial source tracking study","volume":"470","author":"Henriques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.022","article-title":"Human exposure to antibiotic resistant-Escherichia coli through irrigated lettuce","volume":"122","author":"Solimini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/1\/360\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:55:50Z","timestamp":1760169350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/1\/360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19010360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19010360","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]}}}