{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T07:06:07Z","timestamp":1778828767699,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A systematic review was conducted to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of education programs to prevent and treat low back pain (LBP) in the Hispanic cultural setting. Electronic and manual searches identified 1148 unique references. Nine randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included in this review. Methodological quality assessment and data extraction followed the recommendations from the Cochrane Back Pain Review Group. Education programs which were assessed focused on active management (3 studies), postural hygiene (7), exercise (4) and pain neurophysiology (1). Comparators were no intervention, usual care, exercise, other types of education, and different combinations of these procedures. Five RCTs had a low risk of bias. Results show that: (a) education programs in the school setting can transmit potentially useful knowledge for LBP prevention and (b) education programs for patients with LBP improve the outcomes of usual care, especially in terms of disability. Education on pain neurophysiology improves the results of education on exercise, and education on active management is more effective than \u201csham\u201d education and education on postural hygiene. Future studies should assess the comparative or summatory effects of education on exercise, education on pain neurophysiology and education on active management, as well as explore their efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T09:10:36Z","timestamp":1641978636000},"page":"825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Efficacy and Effectiveness of Education for Preventing and Treating Non-Specific Low Back Pain in the Hispanic Cultural Setting: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2984-4800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco M.","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kovacs Back Pain Unit, HLA-Moncloa University Hospital, 81, Avenida Valladolid, 28008 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Back Pain Research Network, 28008 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7230-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Burgos-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Back Pain Research Network, 28008 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad de El Pa\u00eds Vasco (UPV\/EHU), Campus Universitario, B\u00ba Sarriena s\/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1780-5385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00edn-Nogueras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Back Pain Research Network, 28008 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, Avenue Donantes de Sangre s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7818-9777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Seco-Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Back Pain Research Network, 28008 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Visiting Researcher, University of the Basque Country, 48049 Leioa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Waddell, G. 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