{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T14:46:15Z","timestamp":1775227575095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnant women are among the most vulnerable to environmental exposure to tobacco smoke (EET); which has been linked to problems in the mothers\u2019 health; one of the most frequent is gestational diabetes (GD). For this reason, there are specific interventions and prevention strategies designed to reduce this exposure risk. However, currently, they are mostly aimed only at aiding the pregnant women with smoking cessation during pregnancy and do not assess or address the risk from passive exposure due to partner smoking. The aim of this work is to study the exposure to EET of pregnant women considering active and passive smoking and to evaluate its effect on the development of GD. This is an observational case-control study within a retrospective cohort of pregnant women. Information on smoking habits was obtained from both personal interviews and recorded medical history. In total, 16.2% of mothers and 28.3% of partners declared having been active smokers during pregnancy; 36.5% of the women presented EET during pregnancy when both active and passive smoking were considered. After adjustments, the association with the EET and GD of the mother was (aOR 1.10 95% CI: 0.64\u20131.92); for the EET of the partner, it was (aOR 1.66 95% CI: 1.01\u20132.77); for both partners, it was (aOR 1.82 95% CI: 1.15\u20132.89), adjusted by the mother\u2019s age and body mass index. There is a lack of education regarding the effects of passive exposure to tobacco smoke. It is essential that pregnant women and their partners are educated on the risks of active and passive smoking; this could improve the effectiveness of other GD prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T12:34:04Z","timestamp":1642163644000},"page":"925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Risk of Gestational Diabetes Due to Maternal and Partner Smoking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0785-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Morales-Su\u00e1rez-Varela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Peraita-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2221-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Perales-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, La Fe University Polytechnic Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Llopis-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Llopis-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Modificaciones En El Consumo De Tabaco Durante La Gestaci\u00f3n Y El Posparto","volume":"9","author":"Rozas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Matronas Prof."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). 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