{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T22:40:37Z","timestamp":1774392037960,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program MAST4HEALTH under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement","award":["691042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["691042"]}]},{"name":"European Union and Greek national funds, through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation under the call RESEARCH-CREATE-INNOVATE","award":["T2EDK-03044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2EDK-03044"]}]},{"name":"Athina I. Amanatidou was supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under the HFRI PhD Fellowship grant","award":["1529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1529"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Whereas the etiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is complex, the role of nutrition as a causing and preventive factor is not fully explored. The aim of this study is to associate dietary patterns with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in a European population (Greece, Italy, and Serbia) affected by NAFLD. For the first time, iron-corrected T1 (cT1), proton density fat fraction (PDFF), and the liver inflammation fibrosis score (LIF) were examined in relation to diet. A total of 97 obese patients with NAFLD from the MAST4HEALTH study were included in the analysis. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the quality of diet and food combinations. Other variables investigated include anthropometric measurements, total type 2 diabetes risk, physical activity level (PAL), and smoking status. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify dietary patterns. Six dietary patterns were identified, namely \u201cHigh-Sugar\u201d, \u201cPrudent\u201d, \u201cWestern\u201d, \u201cHigh-Fat and Salt\u201d, \u201cPlant-Based\u201d, and \u201cLow-Fat Dairy and Poultry\u201d. The \u201cWestern\u201d pattern was positively associated with cT1 in the unadjusted model (beta: 0.020, p-value: 0.025) and even after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), PAL, smoking, the center of the study, and the other five dietary patterns (beta: 0.024, p-value: 0.020). On the contrary, compared with low-intake patients, those with medium intake of the \u201cLow-Fat Dairy and Poultry\u201d pattern were associated with lower values of cT1, PDFF, and LIF. However, patients with a \u201cLow-Fat Dairy and Poultry\u201d dietary pattern were negatively associated with MRI parameters (cT1: beta: \u22120.052, p-value: 0.046, PDFF: beta: \u22120.448, p-value: 0.030, LIF: beta: \u22120.408, p-value: 0.025). Our findings indicate several associations between MRI parameters and dietary patterns in NAFLD patients, highlighting the importance of diet in NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:44:00Z","timestamp":1642365840000},"page":"971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association of Dietary Patterns with MRI Markers of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis in the MAST4HEALTH Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7303-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athina I.","family":"Amanatidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andriana C.","family":"Kaliora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2014-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalampia","family":"Amerikanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Stojanoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diagnostic Imaging, Oncology Institute of Vojvodine, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-3858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasa","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chara","family":"Vezou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8916-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjana","family":"Beribaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Technology Zvornik, University of East Sarajevo, 75400 Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajarshi","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perspectum Ltd., Oxford OX4 2LL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioanna-Panagiota","family":"Kalafati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2431-9369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias","family":"Smyrnioudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chios Mastic Gum Growers Association, 82100 Chios, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Jo","family":"Kurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Studies Group, Randox Laboratories Ltd., Crumlin BT29 4RN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5197-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aimo","family":"Kannt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Pilar","family":"Francino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area de Gen\u00f2mica i Salut, Fundaci\u00f3 per al Foment de la Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e1 ria I Biom\u00e8dica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO-Salut P\u00fa blica), 46020 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fa blica, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8104-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Visvikis-Siest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR U1122, IGE-PCV, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 30 Rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panos","family":"Deloukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Genomic Health, Life Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1402-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Llorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechvana, Parc Cient\u00edfic, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Paterna, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Marascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intervideo Web Service, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasa","family":"Milic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Medic-Stojanoska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia","family":"Gastaldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Giovanna","family":"Trivella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7798-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George V.","family":"Dedoussis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2014.09.001","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic and non-diabetic patients","volume":"3","author":"Goh","year":"2014","journal-title":"BBA Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.012","article-title":"NAFLD: A multisystem disease","volume":"62","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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