{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:25:50Z","timestamp":1791221150026,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on glycaemic control and other metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes is still evolving. Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to examine the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on glycaemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The PRISMA framework was the method used to conduct the systematic review and meta-analysis, and the search strategy was based on the population, intervention, control and outcome (PICO) model. The Health Sciences Research databases was accessed via EBSCO-host, and EMBASE were searched for relevant articles. Searches were conducted from inception of the databases until 17 September 2021. Results: The results identified three distinct areas: glycaemic control, lipid parameters and body mass index. It was found that COVID-19 lockdown led to a significant (p &lt; 0.01) increase in the levels of glycated haemoglobin (%) compared with pre-COVID group (gp) with a mean difference of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.38). Eleven studies contributed to the data for glycated haemoglobin analysis with a total of 16,895 participants (post-COVID-19 lockdown gp, n = 8417; pre-COVID gp, n = 8478). The meta-analysis of fasting plasma glucose (mg\/dL) also showed a significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in levels of post-COVID-19 lockdown gp compared with pre-COVID gp, with a mean difference of 7.19 (95% CI: 5.28, 9.10). Six studies contributed to fasting plasma glucose analysis involving a total of 2327 participants (post-COVID-19 lockdown, n = 1159; pre-COVID gp, n = 1168). The body mass index (BMI) (kg\/m2) analysis also demonstrated that post-COVID-19 lockdown gp had a significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher BMI than the pre-COVID gp with a mean difference of 1.13 (95% CI: 0.99; 1.28), involving six studies and a total of 2363 participants (post-COVID-19 lockdown gp, n = 1186; pre-COVID gp, n = 1177). There were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower levels of total cholesterol (mmol\/L), triglyceride (mmol\/L) and LDL cholesterol (mmol\/L), and higher levels of HDL cholesterol (mg\/dL) in the post-COVID-19 lockdown gp compared with pre-COVID gp, although these results were not consistent following sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: The findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis have demonstrated that COVID-19 lockdown resulted in a significant increase (p &lt; 0.05) in the levels of glycated haemoglobin, fasting glucose and body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes. In contrast, the effect of the lockdown on lipid parameters, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol was not consistent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T08:20:57Z","timestamp":1642580457000},"page":"1095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["The Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Glycaemic Control and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0071-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omorogieva","family":"Ojo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Health and Human Sciences, Avery Hill Campus, University of Greenwich, Avery Hill Road, London SE9 2UG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osarhumwese Osaretin","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smoking Cessation Department, University Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Lewisham High Street, London SE13 6LH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Orjih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Endocrine Department, Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford & Gravesham NHS Trust, Dartford DA2 8DA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nivedita","family":"Pavithran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Rodrigues Amorim","family":"Adegboye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthcare Research, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian-Qian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"McCrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Health and Human Sciences, Avery Hill Campus, University of Greenwich, Avery Hill Road, London SE9 2UG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i3.215","article-title":"Bidirectional link between diabetes mellitus and coronavirus disease 2019 leading to cardiovascular disease: A narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. 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