{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:17:28Z","timestamp":1780064248048,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rijeka","award":["UNIRI-BIOMED-18-128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNIRI-BIOMED-18-128"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRZZ-IP-2016-06-9003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-IP-2016-06-9003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Legionellae are gram-negative bacteria most commonly found in freshwater ecosystems and purpose-built water systems. In humans, the bacterium causes Legionnaires\u2019 disease (LD) or a Pontiac fever. In this study, the different waters (drinking water, pool water, cooling towers) in which Legionella pneumophila has been isolated were studied to assess the possible risk of bacterial spreading in the population. The influence of physical and chemical parameters, and interactions with Acanthamoeba castellanii on L. pneumophila, were analyzed by Heterotrophic Plate Count, the Colony-forming units (CFU) methods, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Sequence-Based Typing (SBT) analysis. During the study period (2013\u20132019), a total of 1932 water samples were analyzed, with the average annual rate of Legionella-positive water samples of 8.9%, showing an increasing trend. The largest proportion of Legionella-positive samples was found in cooling towers and rehabilitation centers (33.9% and 33.3%, respectively). Among the isolates, L. pneumophila SGs 2\u201314 was the most commonly identified strain (76%). The survival of Legionella was enhanced in the samples with higher pH values, while higher electrical conductivity, nitrate, and free residual chlorine concentration significantly reduced the survival of Legionella. Our results show that growth in amoeba does not affect the allelic profile, phenotype, and morphology of the bacterium but environmental L. pneumophila becomes more resistant to pasteurization treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T08:20:57Z","timestamp":1642580457000},"page":"1099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Decreasing Pasteurization Treatment Efficiency against Amoeba-Grown Legionella pneumophila\u2014Recognized Public Health Risk Factor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1149-4494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"Kne\u017eevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dobrica","family":"Ron\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Kre\u0161imirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Studies, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0534-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darija","family":"Vuki\u0107 Lu\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Kre\u0161imirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Computing and Modeling, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matej\u010di\u0107 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirna","family":"Mihel\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8999-4923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rok","family":"Kogoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darja","family":"Ke\u0161e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9567-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marin","family":"Glad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Kre\u0161imirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6731-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arijana","family":"Cenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Kre\u0161imirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateja","family":"O\u017eani\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6923-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Gla\u017ear Iv\u010de","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch Office Rab, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Palit 143a, 51280 Rab, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"\u0160anti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000034","article-title":"Surveillance of parasitic Legionella in 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