{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T10:08:34Z","timestamp":1793614114495,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Taiwan","award":["KMHK-108-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMHK-108-032"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Taiwan","award":["KMHK-109-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMHK-109-035"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan.","award":["MOST 108-2314-B-037-088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2314-B-037-088"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan.","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-037-069-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-037-069-MY3"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan.","award":["MOST 110-2314-B-037-112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2314-B-037-112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air pollution is inevitably the result of human civilization, industrialization, and globalization. It is composed of a mixture of gases and particles at harmful levels. Particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxides (CO2) are mainly generated from vehicle emissions and fuel consumption and are the main materials causing outdoor air pollution. Exposure to polluted outdoor air has been proven to be harmful to human eyes. On the other hand, indoor air pollution from environmental tobacco smoking, heating, cooking, or poor indoor ventilation is also related to several eye diseases, including conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the past 30 years, no updated review has provided an overview of the impact of air pollution on the eye. We reviewed reports on air pollution and eye diseases in the last three decades in the PubMed database, Medline databases, and Google Scholar and discussed the effect of various outdoor and indoor pollutants on human eyes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T08:37:18Z","timestamp":1642754238000},"page":"1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["The Adverse Effects of Air Pollution on the Eye: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chia-Ching","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7307-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Chih","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1825-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Yen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Xi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Kai","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1240-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai-Chun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747","article-title":"Air Pollution and Mortality in the Medicare Population","volume":"376","author":"Di","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. 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