{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:01:50Z","timestamp":1793822510070,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mental disorders (MDs) with onset in childhood or adolescence include neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (intellectual disability and specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)), as well as a broad range of mental health disorders (MHDs), including anxiety, depressive, stress-related and psychotic disorders. There is a high co-morbidity of NDDs and MHDs. Globally, there have been dramatic increases in the diagnosis of childhood-onset mental disorders, with a 2- to 3-fold rise in prevalence for several MHDs in the US over the past 20 years. Depending on the type of MD, children often grapple with social and communication deficits and difficulties adapting to changes in their environment, which can impact their ability to learn effectively. To improve outcomes for children, it is important to provide timely and effective interventions. This review summarises the range and effectiveness of AI-assisted tools, developed using machine learning models, which have been applied to address learning challenges in students with a range of NDDs. Our review summarises the evidence that AI tools can be successfully used to improve social interaction and supportive education. Based on the limitations of existing AI tools, we provide recommendations for the development of future AI tools with a focus on providing personalised learning for individuals with NDDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T08:37:18Z","timestamp":1642754238000},"page":"1192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":245,"title":["Artificial Intelligence Enabled Personalised Assistive Tools to Enhance Education of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5117-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabal Datta","family":"Barua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0091-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahmunah","family":"Vicnesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Gururajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu Lih","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Woman\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4356-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Mokhzaini","family":"Azizan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Nilai 71800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahrizul Adib","family":"Kadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U. Rajendra","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60827-1","article-title":"Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: Evidence for action","volume":"378","author":"Kieling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000466661.89908.3c","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Jeste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contin. 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