{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:39:52Z","timestamp":1786747192287,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Ministry of Justice","award":["na"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["na"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and personality-related disturbances among delinquent juveniles, associations among ACEs, youth personality, and juvenile crime involvement are still unclear. High-risk samples of institutionalized youth are in specific need of a comprehensive assessment of ACEs and personality features in order to broaden the current knowledge on the occurrence and persistence of juvenile crime and to derive implications for prevention and intervention. We examined a heterogeneous high-risk sample of 342 adolescents (35.1% females, 64.9% males) aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.74, SD = 1.61 years) living in child-welfare or juvenile justice institutions regarding cumulative ACEs, psychopathic traits, temperament, and clinical personality disorder ratings, and criminal involvement before and up to 10 years after assessment. We found considerable rates of ACEs, although cumulative ACEs did not predict future crime. Latent Profile Analysis based on dimensional measures of psychopathy, temperament, and personality disorders derived six distinct personality profiles, which were differently related to ACEs, personality disturbances, clinical psychopathology, and future delinquency. A socially difficult personality profile was associated with increased risk of future crime, whereas avoidant personality traits appeared protective. Findings indicate that the role of ACEs in the prediction of juvenile delinquency is still not sufficiently clear and that relying on single personality traits alone is insufficient in the explanation of juvenile crime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:32:52Z","timestamp":1642969972000},"page":"1227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Adverse Childhood Experiences, Personality, and Crime: Distinct Associations among a High-Risk Sample of Institutionalized Youth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9738-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Barra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7901-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Aebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development, Corrections and Rehabilitation, Department of Justice and Home Affairs, Hohlstrasse 552, 8090 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Neumuensterallee 3, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7343-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delfine","family":"d\u2019Huart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Schmeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2862-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyril","family":"Boonmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674","article-title":"Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy","volume":"100","author":"Moffitt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11757-019-00525-8","article-title":"Die Pr\u00e4valenz von psychosozialen Belastungen bei jugendlichen Straft\u00e4tern: Eine Metaanalyse","volume":"13","author":"Aebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensische Psychiatr. Psychol. Kriminologie"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Baglivio, M.T., Epps, N., Swartz, K., Huq, M.S., Sheer, A., and Hardt, N.S. (2014). The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) in the lives of juvenile offenders. J. Juv. justice, 3."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217697135","article-title":"Patterns of adverse childhood experiences in juveniles who sexually offended","volume":"30","author":"Barra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex. Abus."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-016-0122-7","article-title":"The associations of cumulative adverse childhood experiences and irritability with mental disorders in detained male adolescent offenders","volume":"10","author":"Bielas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2015.04.012","article-title":"The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and juvenile offending trajectories in a juvenile offender sample","volume":"43","author":"Baglivio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.03.034","article-title":"The general aggression model","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2013.766529","article-title":"When criminal coping is likely: An extension of general strain theory","volume":"34","author":"Agnew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Deviant. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.04.001","article-title":"The etiology of antisocial personality disorder: The differential roles of adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology","volume":"92","author":"DeLisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2019.103908","article-title":"The association between adverse childhood experiences and personality, emotions and affect: Does number and type of experiences matter?","volume":"85","author":"Grusnick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940900039X","article-title":"A unifying perspective on personality pathology across the life span: Developmental considerations for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Tackett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0434-8","article-title":"Trauma and dissociation: Implications for borderline personality disorder","volume":"16","author":"Vermetten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2020.101452","article-title":"Relationship between adverse childhood experiences and psychopathy: A systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Moreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.53.1.7","article-title":"Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy","volume":"53","author":"Hare","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-5722-2","article-title":"Psychopathy in children and adolescents: The need for a developmental perspective","volume":"33","author":"Salekin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"395","article-title":"The relationship between personality, anger expression, and perceived family control among incarcerated male juveniles","volume":"37","author":"Coles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204013506919","article-title":"Dynamics of psychopathy and moral disengagement in the etiology of crime","volume":"12","author":"DeLisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Youth Violence Juv. Justice"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02412.x","article-title":"The relationship between juvenile psychopathic traits, delinquency and (violent) recidivism: A meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Asscher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. child Psychol. psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2013.11.001","article-title":"Foundation for a temperament-based theory of antisocial behavior and criminal justice system involvement","volume":"42","author":"DeLisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854817730589","article-title":"The contribution of sensation seeking and the Big Five personality factors to different types of delinquency","volume":"44","author":"Vrselja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Sevecke, K., Lehmkuhl, G., and Krischer, M.K. (2008). Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-\/Hyperaktivit\u00e4tsst\u00f6rung und Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsst\u00f6rungen bei klinisch behandelten und bei inhaftierten Jugendlichen. Prax. der Kinderpsychol. und Kinderpsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.6.675","article-title":"Dimensional assessment of personality pathology in female and male juvenile delinquents","volume":"21","author":"Krischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pers. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4359","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X18766491","article-title":"Childhood trauma and psychopathic features among juvenile offenders","volume":"62","author":"Farina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2008.04.008","article-title":"Early traumatization and psychopathy in female and male juvenile offenders","volume":"31","author":"Krischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128716684806","article-title":"A path to serious, violent, chronic delinquency: The harmful aftermath of adverse childhood experiences","volume":"64","author":"Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crime Delinq."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204020984214","article-title":"Trauma, psychopathy, and antisocial outcomes among community youth: Distinguishing trauma events from trauma reactions","volume":"19","author":"DeLisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Youth Violence Juv. Justice"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.01.006","article-title":"The effects of temperament, psychopathy, and childhood trauma among delinquent youth: A test of DeLisi and Vaughn\u2019s temperament-based theory of crime","volume":"57","author":"DeLisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.06.019","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences among youth reported to child welfare: Results from the national survey of child & adolescent wellbeing","volume":"70","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204017698213","article-title":"The racial and gender differences in the impact of adverse childhood experiences on juvenile residential placement","volume":"16","author":"Zettler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Youth Violence Juv. Justice"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kvamme, L.S., Waaler, P., Helland, S.S., and Kj\u00f8bli, J. (2021). Striving for happily ever after\u2013supportive interventions for youth leaving residential placement\u2013a systematic review. Child Adolesc. Ment. Health.","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12507"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0407-9","article-title":"Maltreatment, child welfare, and recidivism in a sample of deep-end crossover youth","volume":"45","author":"Baglivio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs-T\u00f3th, B., Ol\u00e1h, B., and Kurit\u00e1rn\u00e9 Szab\u00f3, I. (2021). Can the cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACE) score actually identify the victims of intrafamilial childhood maltreatment? Findings from a study in the child welfare system. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136886"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9961-y","article-title":"Detained male adolescent offender\u2019s emotional, physical and sexual maltreatment profiles and their associations to psychiatric disorders and criminal behaviors","volume":"43","author":"Aebi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barra, S., Turner, D., M\u00fcller, M., Hertz, P.G., Retz-Junginger, P., T\u00fcscher, O., Huss, M., and Retz, W. (2020). ADHD symptom profiles, intermittent explosive disorder, adverse childhood experiences, and internalizing\/externalizing problems in young offenders. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01181-4"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2020.1842922","article-title":"Criminal recidivism and psychosocial adversity in offense-related subtypes of sexually abusive adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Barra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sex. Aggress."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128720928920","article-title":"Latent Profile Analysis of Personality Dimensions Among Juvenile Offenders: Relevance for Predicting Offending Seriousness","volume":"67","author":"Wojciechowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crime Delinq."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M.-C., Zhang, X., Gong, J., Deng, J., Luo, J., Gao, Y., and Salekin, R.T. (2021). Variants of Psychopathy in Chinese Juvenile Offenders: A Latent Profile Analysis. Crim. Justice Behav.","DOI":"10.1177\/00938548211043149"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000212","article-title":"Person-centered approaches in the study of personality disorders","volume":"8","author":"Hicks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personal. Disord. Theory, Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Schmid, M., K\u00f6lch, M., Fegert, J., and Schmeck, K. (2013). Abschlussbericht f\u00fcr den Fachausschuss f\u00fcr die Modellversuche und das Bundesamt f\u00fcr Justiz. Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse des Modellversuchs Abkl\u00e4rung und Zielerreichung in station\u00e4ren Massnahmen (MAZ.), UPK."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Shared residential placement for child welfare and juvenile justice youth: Current treatment needs and risk of adult criminal conviction","volume":"15","author":"Schmid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000126","article-title":"The essen trauma-inventory for children and adolescents (ETI-CA)","volume":"39","author":"Tagay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychother."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Blaauw, E., and Sheridan, L. (2002). Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: A new assessment tool. Psychopaths: Current international perspectives, Elevier."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Goth, K., Cloninger, C.R., and Schmeck, K. (2009). Junior Temperament und Charakter Inventar - JTCI 12-18 R. Fragebogen, Hogrefe."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008","article-title":"A psychobiological model of temperament and character","volume":"50","author":"Cloninger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1997.11.3.279","article-title":"Interrater reliability and internal consistency of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders (SCID-II), version 2.0","volume":"11","author":"Maffei","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pers. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"International Labour Organization (2008). International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO-08): Structure, Group Definitions and Correspondence Tables, International Labour Organization."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021, December 01). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available online: http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"978","article-title":"tidyLPA: An R package to easily carry out Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) using open-source or commercial software","volume":"4","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the dimension of a model","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akogul, S., and Erisoglu, M. (2017). An approach for determining the number of clusters in a model-based cluster analysis. Entropy, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/e19090452"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2307\/2532201","article-title":"Model-based Gaussian and non-Gaussian clustering","volume":"49","author":"Banfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"451","article-title":"Using the classification likelihood to choose the number of clusters","volume":"29","author":"Biernacki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Stat."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7152(98)00200-4","article-title":"A large-sample model selection criterion based on Kullback\u2019s symmetric divergence","volume":"42","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat. Probab. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLachlan, G., and Peel, D. (2000). Finite mixture models, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471721182"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Clark, S.L., and Muth\u00e9n, B. (2021, December 15). Relating Latent Class Analysis Results to Variables Not Included in the Analysis 2009. Available online: http:\/\/www.statmodel.com\/download\/relatinglca.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000393","article-title":"A latent profile analysis of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory in a representative sample of referred boys","volume":"11","author":"Garofalo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Disord. Theory, Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950090064009","article-title":"Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior","volume":"51","author":"Tremblay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2012.12.002","article-title":"Disentangling the relationship between delinquency and hyperactivity, low achievement, depression, and low socioeconomic status: Analysis of repeated longitudinal data","volume":"41","author":"Defoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.01.011","article-title":"Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders","volume":"46","author":"Fox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09524-6","article-title":"Toward an understanding of the impact of adverse childhood experiences on the recidivism of serious juvenile offenders","volume":"45","author":"Craig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahic, I., Trulson, C.R., Caudill, J.W., Bonner, T., Slemaker, A., and DeLisi, M. (2021). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Forensic Typologies: Getting Specific about Trauma among Institutionalized Youth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111307"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01339-z","article-title":"The validity of conduct disorder symptom profiles in high-risk male youth","volume":"28","author":"Aebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.025","article-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), antisociality and delinquent behavior over the lifespan","volume":"120","author":"Retz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/3\/1227\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:05:54Z","timestamp":1760133954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/3\/1227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19031227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19031227","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]}}}