{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T18:42:15Z","timestamp":1788028935869,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical activity, combined with adequate nutrition, is considered a protective factor against cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and intestinal dysbiosis. Achieving optimal performance requires a significantly high energy expenditure, which must be correctly supplied to avoid the occurrence of diseases such as muscle injuries, oxidative stress, and heart pathologies, and a decrease in physical performance during competition. Moreover, in sports activities, the replenishment of water, vitamins, and minerals consumed during training is essential for safeguarding athletes\u2019 health. In this scenario, vitamins play a pivotal role in numerous metabolic reactions and some muscle biochemical adaptation processes induced by sports activity. Vitamins are introduced to the diet because the human body is unable to produce these micronutrients. The aim of this review is to highlight the fundamental role of vitamin supplementation in physical activity. Above all, we focus on the roles of vitamins A, B6, D, E, and K in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders, muscle injuries, and regulation of the microbiome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:32:52Z","timestamp":1642969972000},"page":"1249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["The Biological Role of Vitamins in Athletes\u2019 Muscle, Heart and Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4161-512X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariarita","family":"Brancaccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6355-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Mennitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4435-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Cesaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. \u201cSant\u2019Anna e San Sebastiano\u201d, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9797-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Fimiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale AORN Dei Colli, \u201cV.Monaldi\u201d, 80122 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Vano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biagio","family":"Gargiulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3805-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Caiazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Monaldi Hospital, 81100 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1626-9077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Amodio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iolanda","family":"Coto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"D\u2019Alicandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center of Sports Medicine and Disability, AORN, Santobono-Pausillipon, 80122 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7774-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Mazzaccara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. 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