{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T16:21:19Z","timestamp":1776356479065,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic has exerted enormous impacts on individuals\u2019 lifestyle, economics and social life. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-promoting behaviors of a sample of the Polish population, including dietary supplementation, physical activity, eating habits, and the implementation of preventive vaccinations. Within the scope of a survey, data was collected from 1101 adult respondents residing in Poland (862 women and 239 men). An anonymous questionnaire prepared based on the scientific literature was used as a research tool. The survey was conducted during the second wave of COVID-19 using the CAWI (Computer\u2014Assisted Web Interview) method by disseminating the questionnaire using selected social media. We found that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the respondents were more likely to maintain healthy eating habits and use dietary supplementation; however, the majority engaged in physical activity less frequently and had a sedentary lifestyle. Most felt no need to undergo preventive influenza vaccinations. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the health awareness of the analyzed group from the Polish population. However, the obtained results are not fully satisfactory; therefore, there is a need to promote a healthy lifestyle and pro-health behaviors as part of social campaigns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:38:58Z","timestamp":1643143138000},"page":"1299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessment of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Pro-Health Behavior of Poles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6148-4094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Metabolic Disorders and Arterial Hypertension, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82\/84 Street, 60-101 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0058-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Paczkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 7 Street, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Bo\u0144ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 7 Street, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2852-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 7 Street, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wies\u0142aw","family":"Bryl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Metabolic Disorders and Arterial Hypertension, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82\/84 Street, 60-101 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Kopciuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 7 Street, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9737-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Zaprutko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 7 Street, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9118-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Ratajczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 7 Street, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Nowakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Licealna 9 Street, 65-417 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 7 Street, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000270","article-title":"The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview","volume":"83","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Yang, H., Ji, W., Wu, W., Chen, S., Zhang, W., and Duan, G. (2020). Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040372"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, December 19). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Situation Report-1. 21 January 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-020-00341-9","article-title":"An overview on COVID-19: Reality and expectation","volume":"44","author":"Hamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, September 21). Statement on the Second Meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee Regarding the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). 30 January 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, September 21). WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19. 11 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Worldometer (2021, November 02). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Rozporz\u0105dzenie Rady Ministr\u00f3w z dnia 13 Marca 2020 r (2021, November 02). Zmieniaj\u0105ce Rozporz\u0105dzenie w Sprawie Ustanowienia Okre\u015blonych Ogranicze\u0144, Nakaz\u00f3w i Zakaz\u00f3w w Zwi\u0105zku z Wyst\u0105pieniem Stanu Epidemii, Available online: https:\/\/isap.sejm.gov.pl\/isap.nsf\/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000433."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627669","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.627669","article-title":"Exploring the Effect of Collective Cultural Attributes on Covid-19-Related Public Health Outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Erman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makowska, M., Boguszewski, R., and Podkowi\u0144ska, M. (2022). Trust in Medicine as a Factor Conditioning Behaviors Recommended by Healthcare Experts during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010605"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-6465(22)02871-7","article-title":"Strategies for maintenance of health-promoting behaviors","volume":"28","author":"Redland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, November 02). The Constitution. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/about\/governance\/constitution."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2021, November 02). Public Opinion Research Centre (CBOS) Research Poles on Their Health and Heath Promoting Behaviors and Activities. Available online: https:\/\/www.cbos.pl\/SPISKOM.POL\/2012\/K_110_12.PDF."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"558","article-title":"Health behaviour as an essential component of human life activity. Poles\u2019 attitude to their own health","volume":"50","author":"Plinta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hygeia Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu\u015bcion-Jakubik, A., Bielecka, J., Grabia, M., Mielech, A., Markiewicz-\u017bukowska, R., Mielcarek, K., Moskwa, J., Naliwajko, S.K., Soroczy\u0144ska, J., and Gromkowska-K\u0119pka, K.J. (2021). Consumption of Food Supplements during the Three COVID-19 Waves in Poland\u2014Focus on Zinc and Vitamin D. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103361"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Gardocka-Ja\u0142owiec, A., \u015aleszy\u0144ska-\u015awiderska, A., and Szalonka, K. (2021, November 02). SARS-CoV-2 impact on the consumption of OTC drugs in Poland. E-Wydawnictwo. Law and Economics Digital Library University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Law, Administration and Economic 2020. Available online: https:\/\/repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl\/publication\/128145."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3rnicka, M., Drywie\u0144, M.E., Zielinska, M.A., and Hamu\u0142ka, J. (2020). Dietary and Lifestyle Changes During COVID-19 and the Subsequent Lockdowns among Polish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey PLifeCOVID-19 Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082324"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-014-9398-2","article-title":"Factors Influencing Primary Health Care Professionals\u2019 Physical Activity Promotion Behaviors: A Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Huijg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975910365232","article-title":"How does socio economic position link to health behaviour? Sociological pathways and perspectives for health promotion","volume":"17","author":"Weyers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2013.03.008","article-title":"Sample size calculation","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"We Are Social, Hootsuite (2021, December 19). Digital 2021. Raport. Available online: https:\/\/datareportal.com\/reports\/digital-2021-global-overview-report."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamulka, J., Jeruszka-Bielak, M., G\u00f3rnicka, M., Drywie\u0144, M.E., and Zielinska-Pukos, M.A. (2020). Dietary Supplements during COVID-19 Outbreak. Results of Google Trends Analysis Supported by PLifeCOVID-19 Online Studies. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010054"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.044","article-title":"Effects of nationwide lockdown during COVID-19 epidemic on lifestyle and other medical issues of patients with type 2 diabetes in north India","volume":"14","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"229","article-title":"Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: An Italian survey","volume":"18","author":"Gualtieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0634-3","article-title":"Nutrition amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-level framework for action","volume":"74","author":"Naja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110416","article-title":"COVID-19 changes the lifestyle of the population and subtly reduces the incidence of metabolic disease","volume":"146","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, December 19). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, Available online: http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2010\/9789241599979_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.19.0038","article-title":"An Overview of Current Physical Activity Recommendations in Primary Care","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, October 08). WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240015128."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0014.3883","article-title":"Physical activity of Poles during remote work\u2014Presentation of empirical research results","volume":"588","author":"Szczygielska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Saf. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23066","article-title":"The Impact of COVID-19 Stay-At-Home Orders on Health Behaviors in Adults","volume":"29","author":"Flanagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021, December 19). Recommendation of the Chief Sanitary Inspector Regarding Flu-Vaccinations in Poland, Available online: https:\/\/gis.gov.pl\/bez-kategorii\/rekomendacja-glownego-inspektora-sanitarnego-dotyczaca-szczepien-przeciw-grypie."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, October 08). Public Opinion Research Centre (CBOS) Attitudes towards COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccination. No. 154\/2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.cbos.pl\/SPISKOM.POL\/2020\/K_154_20.PDF."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wawrzuta, D., Jaworski, M., Gotlib, J., and Panczyk, M. (2021). What Arguments against COVID-19 Vaccines Run on Facebook in Poland: Content Analysis of Comments. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050481"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6173","article-title":"Seasonal Influenza Activity during the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Japan","volume":"323","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2021, May 28). Public Opinion Research Centre (CBOS)\u2014Attitudes towards COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccination. Available online: https:\/\/www.cbos.pl\/PL\/publikacje\/news\/2021\/16\/newsletter.php."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/3\/1299\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:06:54Z","timestamp":1760134014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/3\/1299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19031299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19031299","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]}}}