{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:49:16Z","timestamp":1781714956253,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKAID","award":["OPK00345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPK00345"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 has posed massive challenges related to health, economy, and the social fabric of the entire human population. To curb the spread of the virus, the Government of Pakistan initiated a vaccination campaign against COVID-19. The objective of this research was to assess the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance or hesitancy. The data were collected telephonically using a cross-sectional survey design through a close-ended structured questionnaire from a sample of 1325 vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals with a response rate of 38%. SPSS v. 26 was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that 73% of the respondents were male, half in the 40\u201349 age group, 78% living in urban areas, and 45% had a monthly income between 20,001\u201350,000 Pakistani rupees. People felt reluctant to get vaccinated because of myths and misinformation related to it. The socio-demographic factors including male, age 60\u201369, middle or higher level of education, marital status, currently employed, from middle socio-economic status, living in urban areas, high access to mass media, history of influenza vaccination, physical activity, and perceived good health status were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccination uptake. Concerted efforts are needed to achieve vaccine targets for the broader population through understanding and identifying barriers to vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:38:58Z","timestamp":1643143138000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy or Acceptance and Its Associated Factors: Findings from Post-Vaccination Cross-Sectional Survey from Punjab Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9546-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubeena","family":"Zakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ain ul","family":"Momina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Service Delivery in Punjab, King Edward Medical University and Oxford Policy Management, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahwish","family":"Hayee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Policy Management, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-3947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruhma","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zakria","family":"Zakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vice Chancellor Office, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Raya, B., Migliori, G.B., O\u2019Ryan, M., Edwards, K., Torres, A., Alffenaar, J.-W., M\u00e4rtson, A.-G., Centis, R., D\u2019Ambrosio, L., and Flanagan, K. (2021, November 29). Coronavirus Disease-19: An Interim Evidence Synthesis of the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (Waidid). Available online: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.572485\/full.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.572485"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, November 29). Pakistan: Who Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard with Waccination Data. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/region\/emro\/country\/pk."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, January 08). COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker. Pakistan. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.trackvaccines.org\/country\/pakistan\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01410-w","article-title":"Impact of Vaccination on New SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the United Kingdom","volume":"27","author":"Pritchard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Chaudhry, A. (2021, November 29). Punjab Likely to Miss Vaccination Target. Available online: https:\/\/www.dawn.com\/news\/1627397."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Berg, S. (2021, November 29). What Doctors Wish Patients Knew about COVID-19 Herd Immunity. Available online: https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/delivering-care\/public-health\/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-covid-19-herd-immunity."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1394533","article-title":"Addressing barriers to vaccine acceptance: An overview","volume":"14","author":"Macdonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"WHO (2022, January 08). Poliomyelitis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/poliomyelitis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608979","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2021.608979","article-title":"COVID-19 and Vaccination Campaigns as \u201cWestern Plots\u201d in Pakistan: Government Policies, (Geo-) Politics, Local Perceptions, and Beliefs","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.U., Ahmad, A., Aqeel, T., Salman, S., Ibrahim, Q., Idrees, J., and Khan, M.U. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards polio immunization among residents of two highly affected regions of Pakistan. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2471-1"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"98","article-title":"Genesis of Polio Vaccination Hindrance Syndrome in Pakistani Society, Religio-Medical Aspects","volume":"4","author":"Ullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.05.029","article-title":"\u201cThis is a Pakhtun disease\u201d: Pakhtun health journalists\u2019 perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to polio vaccine acceptance among the high-risk Pakhtun community in Pakistan","volume":"37","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110590","article-title":"Fearing the disease or the vaccine: The case of COVID-19","volume":"172","author":"Karlsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2","article-title":"Reasons for Vaccine Declination in Healthy Individuals Attending an International Vaccine and Travel Clinic","volume":"2","author":"Wiemken","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Refug. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.043","article-title":"Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated?","volume":"38","author":"Reiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n699","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n699","article-title":"COVID-19: European Countries Suspend Use of Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine after Reports of Blood Clots","volume":"372","author":"Wise","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n970","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n970","article-title":"COVID-19: US suspends Johnson and Johnson vaccine rollout over blood clots","volume":"373","author":"Mahase","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.28.20248950"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glohj.2021.02.005","article-title":"Barriers to vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) control: Experience from the United States","volume":"5","author":"Fisk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Health J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n243","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n243","article-title":"Co-Producing the COVID-19 Response in Germany, Hong Kong, Lebanon, and Pakistan","volume":"372","author":"Marten","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Dagia, N. (2021, November 29). Pakistan\u2019s COVID-19 Vaccine Campaign Crawls along. Available online: https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2021\/04\/pakistans-covid-19-vaccine-campaign-crawls-along\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blair, J., Czaja, R.F., and Blair, E.A. (2013). Designing Surveys: A Guide to Decisions and Procedures, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071909904"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yelin, I., Katz, R., Herzel, E., Berman-Zilberstein, T., Ben-Tov, A., Kuint, J., Gazit, S., Patalon, T., Chodick, G., and Kishony, R. (2021). Associations of the BNT162B2 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness with Patient Age and Comorbidities. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.16.21253686"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Jing, R., Lai, X., Zhang, H., Lyu, Y., Knoll, M.D., and Fang, H. (2020). Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030482"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u0119\u015bkowiak, I., Wiatrak, B., Grosman-Dziewiszek, P., and Szel\u0105g, A. (2021). The Incidence and Severity of Post-Vaccination Reactions after Vaccination against COVID-19. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050502"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"525","article-title":"The Impact of Mass Media Health Communication on Health Decision-Making and Medical Advice-Seeking Behavior of U.S. Hispanic Population","volume":"28","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.424","article-title":"Health Outcome Prioritization as a Tool for Decision Making among Older Persons with Multiple Chronic Conditions","volume":"171","author":"Fried","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00381","article-title":"Acceptance of a COVID-19 Vaccine in Southeast Asia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia","volume":"8","author":"Harapan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03194-w","article-title":"International variation in the management of severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"24","author":"Azoulay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp334","article-title":"International Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Studies","volume":"170","author":"Rose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Cohen, S. (2022, January 09). The Fastest Vaccine in History. UCLA Health. Available online: https:\/\/connect.uclahealth.org\/2020\/12\/10\/the-fastest-vaccine-in-history\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Ritchie, H., Mathieu, E., Rod\u00e9s-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Giattino, C., Ortiz-Ospina, E., Hasell, J., Macdonald, B., Beltekian, D., and Roser, M. (2021, December 03). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations\u2014Statistics and Research. Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/covid-vaccinations."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060.2018.1488932","article-title":"Gendered immobility: Influence of social roles and local context on mobility decisions in Pakistan","volume":"41","author":"Adeel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Plan. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcsel, J., Martin, F., and Markic, S. (2020). University Students\u2019 Readiness for Using Digital Media and Online Learning\u2014Comparison between Germany and the USA. Educ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci10110313"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Jayaweera, S. (2022, January 09). Higher Education and the Economic and Social Empowerment of Women\u2014The Asian Experience. Available online: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/0305792970270302."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Siddiqui, N. (2022, January 07). COVID-19 Vaccines Mandatory for All Public, Private Sector Employees: NCOC. Available online: https:\/\/www.dawn.com\/news\/1628428."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.041","article-title":"Intention to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial and to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France during the pandemic","volume":"38","author":"Detoc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3569","article-title":"Attitudes toward a Potential SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"173","author":"Fisher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103854","article-title":"Influenza vaccine uptake, COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine hesitancy among nurses: A survey","volume":"114","author":"Kwok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1124-9","article-title":"A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Lazarus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100495","article-title":"Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US","volume":"26","author":"Malik","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575950","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.575950","article-title":"A Proactive Approach for Managing COVID-19: The Importance of Understanding the Motivational Roots of Vaccination Hesitancy for SARS-CoV2","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, D., Loe, B.S., Chadwick, A., Vaccari, C., Waite, F., Rosebrock, L., Jenner, L., Petit, A., Lewandowsky, S., and Vanderslott, S. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: The Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (Oceans) II. Psychol. Med., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005188"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30724-6","article-title":"Intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Australia","volume":"21","author":"Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1790279","article-title":"The use of the health belief model to assess predictors of intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and willingness to pay","volume":"16","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., Yaseen, A., Ababneh, N.A., Bakri, F.G., and Mahafzah, A. (2021). High Rates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Its Association with Conspiracy Beliefs: A Study in Jordan and Kuwait among Other Arab Countries. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010042"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1944743","article-title":"Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among the Pakistani population","volume":"17","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Zhao, Q., Alias, H., Danaee, M., and Wong, L.P. (2020). Understanding COVID-19 Vaccine Demand and Hesitancy: A Nationwide Online Survey in China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008961"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.021","article-title":"Intention of nurses to accept coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination and change of intention to accept seasonal influenza vaccination during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S276771","article-title":"Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Saudi Arabia: A Web-Based National Survey","volume":"13","author":"Padhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.11.013","article-title":"The demand for a COVID-19 vaccine in Ecuador","volume":"38","author":"Sarasty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reno, C., Maietti, E., Fantini, M.P., Savoia, E., Manzoli, L., Montalti, M., and Gori, D. (2021). Enhancing COVID-19 Vaccines Acceptance: Results from a Survey on Vaccine Hesitancy in Northern Italy. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040378"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1846397","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination intention in the UK: Results from the COVID-19 vaccination acceptability study (CoVAccS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey","volume":"17","author":"Sherman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.11.020","article-title":"Intention to get vaccinations against COVID-19 in French healthcare workers during the first pandemic wave: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"108","author":"Detoc","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qunaibi, E., Basheti, I., Soudy, M., and Sultan, I. (2021). Hesitancy of Arab Healthcare Workers towards COVID-19 Vaccination: A Large-Scale Multinational Study. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202104.0236.v1"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Zaman, R.M., Stewart, S.M., and Zaman, T.R. (2009). Pakistan: Culture, community, and filial obligations in a Muslim society. Families Across Cultures, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salali, G.D., and Uysal, M.S. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey. Psychol. Med., 1\u20133. online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720004067"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikh, N.S., Touseef, M., Sultan, R., Cheema, K.H., Cheema, S.S., Sarwar, A., and Siddique, H.Z. (2021). Understanding COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Pakistan: The Paradigm of Confidence, Convenience, and Complacency; a Cross-Sectional Study. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.12.21260409"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113414","article-title":"The French Public\u2019s Attitudes to a Future COVID-19 Vaccine: The Politicization of a Public Health Issue","volume":"265","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.10.027","article-title":"Parents\u2019 and guardians\u2019 views on the acceptability of a future COVID-19 vaccine: A multi-methods study in England","volume":"38","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaled, S.M., Petcu, C., Bader, L., Amro, I., Al-Hamadi, A.M.H.A., Al Assi, M., Ali, A.A.M., Le Trung, K., Diop, A., and Bellaj, T. (2021). Prevalence and Potential Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in Qatar: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey of Qatari Nationals and Migrants between December 2020 and January 2021. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3790446"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-020-01208-6","article-title":"Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Varghese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2022, January 09). Pakistan UHC Situation Analysis WHO 2020. Available online: https:\/\/phkh.nhsrc.pk\/knowledge-article\/pakistan-uhc-situation-analysis-who-2020pdf."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/3\/1305\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:06:56Z","timestamp":1760134016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/3\/1305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19031305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19031305","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]}}}