{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:16:16Z","timestamp":1782479776989,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The aim of the pilot randomized controlled field trial is to assess if a midwifery intervention is able to increase the maternal self-efficacy and reduce the stress level during the first six months after birth. Methods: The study was conducted in two different hospitals in Rome, Italy, involving women delivering at or beyond term, aged &gt;18 years old and with normal APGAR scores of the infant. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: \u201cIndividual Intervention Group\u201d (they received home midwifery assistance for one month after birth, I) and the \u201cControl Group\u201d (C). A self-administered questionnaire was administered four times: at the baseline about one week after the hospital delivery (T0), after the intervention about one month after the delivery (T1), and at three months (T2) and at six months after birth (T3). The questionnaire included different validated scales needed to assess maternal perceived self-efficacy (KPCS), parental stress scale stress (PSS) and maternal depressive risk symptoms (EPDS). Results: The study population counted 51 mothers: 28 women in the \u201cC\u201d group and 23 women in the \u201cI\u201d group. The PSS score was statistically higher in the \u201cC\u201d than \u201cI\u201d group at T1 (p = 0.024); whereas the KPCS score was statistically higher in the \u201cI\u201d (p = 0.039) group; EPDS score did not show significant difference between the two groups in the follow-up period. An inverse significant correlation between KPCS and PSS was found during the study window time (p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: These results potentially give the opportunity to explore this area of focus further, in order to better address maternal individual needs for the successful transition to motherhood. More research in this area is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T21:59:55Z","timestamp":1643320795000},"page":"1461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["HAPPY MAMA Project (Part 2)\u2014Maternal Distress and Self-Efficacy: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Field Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8527-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Mannocci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, Mercatorum University, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ciavardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Mattioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azzurra","family":"Massimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"D\u2019Egidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenza","family":"Lia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franca","family":"Scaglietta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4388-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Antico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Dorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4713-9539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Svelato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Orfeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, \u201cSan Giovanni Calibita\u201d Fatebenefratelli, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Benedetti Panici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ragusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1233-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"La Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HAPPY MAMA","family":"Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, 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