{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:42:47Z","timestamp":1790404967730,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"St. David\u2019s Center for Health Promotion &amp; Disease Prevention Research in Underserved Populations","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2CHD042849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2CHD042849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"School of Nursing and the Population Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin","award":["P2CHD042849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2CHD042849"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine whether housing age in combination with neighborhood poverty, as a proxy for fetal exposure to heavy metal lead, is associated with adverse birth outcomes. We linked population-level birth certificate data for Black, Hispanic, White and Other women, stratified by nativity, from 2009\u20132011 in Texas (n = 1,040,642) to census the tract-level median housing age\/poverty level from the American Community Survey, 2007\u20132011. Tracts with median housing age values before 1975 with a poverty level of 20% or more were considered to be neighborhoods with a high risk of exposure to deteriorating lead-based paint. We estimated multilevel models to examine the relationship between neighborhood housing age\/poverty level and each dependent variable (preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational age). The odds of adverse birth outcomes were significantly higher for mothers living in high-poverty neighborhoods with median housing built before the lead-based paint ban. Increased awareness of\u2014and improved methods of alleviating\u2014 ubiquitous lead-based paint exposure in Texas may be necessary interventions for positive developmental trajectories of children. Allocating federal funds for place-based interventions, including universal lead paint mitigation, in older, high-poverty neighborhoods may reduce the disproportionate risk of adverse birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1643497326000},"page":"1578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neighborhood Poverty in Combination with Older Housing Is Associated with Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Study on Ubiquitous Lead Risk among 1 Million Births in Texas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1367-0508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany Marie","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6023-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Cubbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hamilton, B., Martin, J.A., Osterman, M.J.K., and Rossen, L.M. 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