{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T11:55:53Z","timestamp":1774698953073,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC1906805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1906805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The antibiotic mycelial residue (AMR) generated from cephalosporin C production is a hazardous organic waste, which is usually disposed of by landfilling that causes potential secondary environmental pollution. AMR combustion can be an effective method to treat AMR. In order to develop clean combustion technologies for safe disposal and energy recovery from various AMRs, the emission characteristics of NOx and SO2 from AMR combustion were studied experimentally in this work. It was found that the fuel-N is constituted by 85% protein nitrogen and 15% inorganic nitrogen, and the fuel-S by 78% inorganic sulfur and 22% organic sulfur. Nitrogen oxide emissions mainly occur at the volatile combustion stage when the temperature rises to 400 \u00b0C, while the primary sulfur oxide emission appears at the char combustion stage above 400 \u00b0C. Increasing the combustion temperature and airflow cause higher NOx emissions. High moisture content in AMR can significantly reduce the NOx emission by lowering the combustion temperature and generating more reducing gases such as CO. For the SO2 emission, the combustion temperature (700 to 900 \u00b0C), airflow and AMR water content do not seem to exhibit obvious effects. The presence of CaO significantly inhibits SO2 emission, especially for the SO2 produced during the AMR char combustion because of the good control effect on the direct emission of inorganic SO2. Employing air\/fuel staging technologies in combination with in-situ desulfurization by calcium oxide\/salts added in the combustor with operation temperatures lower than 900 \u00b0C should be a potential technology for the clean disposal of AMRs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1643497326000},"page":"1581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Emission Characteristics of NOx and SO2 during the Combustion of Antibiotic Mycelial Residue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5099-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaxin","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wennan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, 85170 Sundsvall, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6809-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.02.034","article-title":"Performance of microwave treatment for disintegration of cephalosporin mycelial dreg (CMD) and degradation of residual cephalosporin antibiotics","volume":"331","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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