{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:34:52Z","timestamp":1782153292659,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: COVID-19 has changed individual lives to the core. Through national curfews and social distancing, individuals\u2019 social lives changed and led to increased levels of stress and mental health problems. As another consequence, communication, especially among young people, has shifted to social networking sites, where particularly young adults sought help for their mental health problems. In recent years, Instagram has received recognition for its health-enhancing potentials. On this social networking site, more than 1 billion users worldwide post 500 million stories and images per day. Methods: During COVID-19, increasing mental health incidences were reported throughout the world, and have led mental health influencers to gain in relevance. The proposed study is based on a quantitative survey. In order to test how different content formats utilized by mental health influencers \u2014motivational quotes, comics, or influencer posts\u2014are evaluated by Instagram users, a cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted in April 2021. Data collection was based on convenience sampling. In total, 532 Austrian respondents between 16 and 34 years of age participated in the survey. Results: Overall, the content that received the most favorable evaluations were both the motivational quote (M = 4.23) and the influencer post (M = 4.12), while the comics scored lower in terms of evaluations (M = 3.72). Conclusions: Respondents\u2019 preference of content suggests that individuals seek out content that boosts their esteem or content with a \u201chuman touch\u201d. Explanations as to why the selected content formats were preferred over the other formats are offered alongside a future research outlook.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:08Z","timestamp":1643593568000},"page":"1608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Picturing Mental Health on Instagram: Insights from a Quantitative Study Using Different Content Formats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0635-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabell","family":"Koinig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Media and Communications, University of Klagenfurt, 9400 Klagenfurt, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102268","article-title":"Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Richter, F. (2022, January 07). Pandemic Causes Spike in Anxiety & Depression. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/chart\/21878\/impact-of-coronavirus-pandemic-on-mental-health\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Stewart, C. (2022, January 08). What Impact, If Any, Has the Last Few Weeks of the Coronavirus Pandemic Had on Your Mental Health?. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1113551\/coronavirus-situation-impact-on-mental-health-uk\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110186","article-title":"The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria","volume":"136","author":"Pieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110711","article-title":"Factors influencing mental health among American youth in the time of the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"2021","author":"Dlugosz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.04.002","article-title":"#Quarantine15: A content analysis of Instagram posts during COVID-19","volume":"38","author":"Lucibello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s41347-020-00134-x","article-title":"Social Media and Mental Health: Benefits, Risks, and Opportunities for Research and Practice","volume":"5","author":"Naslund","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Technol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1108\/MHSI-06-2020-0039","article-title":"Investigating the role of social media on mental health","volume":"25","author":"Sadagheyani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ment. Health Soc. Incl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1249","article-title":"Social Media Use in the United States: Implications for Health Communication","volume":"11","author":"Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bhatt, S. (2021, July 20). The Rise of Mental Health Influencers. The Economic Times. Available online: Indiatimes.com."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1108\/EJM-02-2020-0155","article-title":"Netnography and Design Thinking: Development and Illustration in the Vegan Food Industry","volume":"55","author":"Ashman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altendorfer, L.M. (2019). Influencer in der Digitalen Gesundheitskommunikation. Instagramer, YouTuber und Co. Zwischen Qualit\u00e4t, Ethik und Professionalisierung, Nomos.","DOI":"10.5771\/9783845299785"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Mowery, D., Bryan, C., and Conway, M. (2017). Feature Studies to Inform the Classification of Depressive Symptoms from Twitter Data for Population Health. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-017-9535-6","article-title":"Social Media Use and Mental Health among Young Adults","volume":"89","author":"Berryman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"43","article-title":"Detecting depression and mental illness on social media: An integrative review","volume":"18","author":"Guntuku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10150","DOI":"10.2196\/10150","article-title":"#Healthy Selfies: Exploration of Health Topics on Instagram","volume":"4","author":"Muralidhara","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.011","article-title":"Self-schema and self-discrepancy mediate the influence of Instagram usage on body image satisfaction among youth","volume":"68","author":"Ahadzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"MacMillan, A. (2022, January 07). Why Instagram Is the Worst Social Media for Mental Health. Available online: https:\/\/time.com\/4793331\/instagram-social-media-mental-health\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Lorenz, T. (2022, January 08). Teens Are Being Bullied \u2018Constantly\u2019 on Instagram. Available online: https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2018\/10\/teens-face-relentless-bullying-instagram\/572164\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ferguson, C.J. (2022, January 08). Should We Panic about Teens\u2019 Social Media Use?. Available online: http:\/\/www.houstonchronicle.com\/local\/gray-matters\/article\/Should-we-panic-about-teens-social-media-use-11191051.php."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Orben, A. (2022, January 06). No, It Hasn\u2019t Been Proven that Instagram is Worst for Young Mental Health. We Need to Stop Misleading the Public with Social Media Pseudoscience. Available online: https:\/\/medium.com\/@OrbenAmy\/no-it-hasnt-been-proven-that-instagram-is-worst-for-young-mental-health-36894f33c237."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.05.008","article-title":"\u201cFacebook depression?\u201d social networking site use and depression in older adolescents","volume":"52","author":"Jelenchick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-012-9207-5","article-title":"Psychiatric illness and facebook: A case report","volume":"83","author":"Veretilo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.039","article-title":"Facebook use and depressive symptomatology: Investigating the role of neuroticism and extraversion in youth","volume":"1","author":"Simoncic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.07.030","article-title":"Authenticity and well-being on social network sites: A two-wave longitudinal study on the effects of online authenticity and the positivity bias in SNS communication","volume":"30","author":"Reinecke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2016.0010","article-title":"The psychological benefits of being authentic on Facebook","volume":"19","author":"Grieve","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.0708","article-title":"Positive Side of Social Comparison on Social Network Sites: How Envy Can Drive Inspiration on Instagram","volume":"21","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.5842","article-title":"Social Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Seabrook","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Firsching, J. (2022, January 06). Instagram Trends 2020: Instagram \u00dcberholt Facebook & Karussell-Postings Mit Den Meisten Interaktionen. Available online: https:\/\/www.futurebiz.de\/artikel\/instagram-trends-2020\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2016.1150443","article-title":"Beyond selfreports: Using eye tracking to measure topic and style differences in attention to social media content","volume":"10","author":"Vraga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Commun. Methods Meas."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Agrawal, A.J. (2022, January 08). Why Influencer Marketing Will Explode in 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/ajagrawal\/2016\/12\/27\/why-influencer-marketingwill-explode-in-2017\/#3bfaf85c20a9."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/15252019.2018.1533501","article-title":"Influencer Marketing: How Message Value and Credibility Affect Consumer Trust of Branded Content on Social Media","volume":"19","author":"Lou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Interact. Advert."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.009","article-title":"Exploring the Credibility of Online Celebrities\u2019 Instagram Profiles in Influencing the Purchase Decisions of Young Female Users","volume":"68","author":"Djafarova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Tietjen, A. (2022, January 08). The Mental Health Influencers. Available online: http:\/\/web.a.ebscohost.com\/ehost\/pdfviewer\/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=220fa934-9e45-4ca6-8559-3e4ab79372d9%40sdcv-sessmgr02."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1108\/17465721211236372","article-title":"Communicating with older people about positive mental health","volume":"11","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Public Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4748","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818784303","article-title":"Engaging mental health online: Insights from beyond blue\u2019s forum influencers","volume":"20","author":"McCosker","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj043","article-title":"Peer support among adults with serious mental illness: A report from the field","volume":"32","author":"Davidson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s42087-020-00156-0","article-title":"Parasocial Interaction, the COVID-19 Quarantine, and Digital Age Media","volume":"4","author":"Jarzyna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Arenas"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.11.1307","article-title":"Integrating peer-provided services: A quasi-experimental study of recovery orientation, confidence, and empowerment","volume":"59","author":"Resnick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094744","article-title":"Peer support in adult mental health services: A meta synthesis of qualitative findings","volume":"36","author":"Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Rehabil. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naslund, J.A., Grande, S.W., Aschbrenner, K.A., and Elwyn, G. (2014). Naturally occurring peer support through social media: The experiences of individuals with severe mental illness using YouTube. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110171"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1037\/h0095032","article-title":"Peer support: A theoretical perspective","volume":"25","author":"Mead","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Rehabil. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21070","article-title":"Online supportive interactions: Using a network approach to examine communication patterns within a psychosis social support group in Taiwan","volume":"60","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Collarby (2022, January 06). 5 Influencer Marketing Trends We Predict for 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.collabary.com\/blog\/influencer-marketing-trends-2020\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Cilandro, A., and Graham, J. (2022, January 05). Studying Instagram beyond Selfies. Social Media + Society April\u2013June: 1\u20137. Available online: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2056305120924779."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.014","article-title":"I am with you: A netnographic analysis of the Instagram opinion leaders on eating behavior change","volume":"138","author":"Saboia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.09.021","article-title":"The problematic messages of nutritional discourse: A case-based critical media analysis","volume":"108","author":"Dodds","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.06.004","article-title":"#fitspo or #loveyourself? The impact of fitspiration and self-compassion Instagram images on women\u2019s body image, self-compassion, and mood","volume":"22","author":"Slater","year":"2017","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Fox, S., and Duggan, M. (2013). Health Online 2013 [Internet], Pew Research Center \u2019s Internet & American Life Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2013\/01\/15\/health-online-2013\/#."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Sarasohn-Kahn, J. (2008). The Wisdom of Patients: Health Care Meets Online Social Media, California Health Care Foundation."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/17453054.2020.1761248","article-title":"The role of comics in public health communication during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"43","author":"Kearns","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Brueck, H., Medaris Miller, A., and Feder, S. (2022, January 07). China Took at Least 12 Strict Measures to Control the Coronavirus. They Could Work for the US, But Would Likely be Impossible to Implement. Available online: https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com.au\/chinas-coronavirus-quarantines-other-countries-arent-ready-2020-3?r=US&IR=T."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Simpson, W. (2022, January 05). Feelings in the Gutter: Opportunities for Emotional Engagement in Comics. Available online: http:\/\/imagetext.english.ufl.edu\/archives\/v10_1\/simpson\/#eleven."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemany-Pag\u00e8s, M., Azul, A.M., and Ramalho-Santos, J. (2021). The use of comics to promote health awareness: A template using nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur. J. Clin. Investig., e13642.","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13642"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/efh.EfH_298_15","article-title":"Perception about use of comics in medical and nursing education among students in health professions\u2019 schools in New Delhi","volume":"31","author":"Anand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Memory for biopsychology material presented in comic book format","volume":"8","author":"Aleixo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Graph. Nov. Comics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839912437790","article-title":"A process evaluation of a social cognitive theory-based childhood obesity prevention intervention: The comics for health program","volume":"14","author":"Branscum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Promot. Pract."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90033-9","article-title":"Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability","volume":"5","author":"Tversky","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kri\u017ean, Z., and Gibbons, F.X. (2014). Agency and communion in social comparisons. Communal Functions of Social Comparison, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139035583"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2013-010469","article-title":"Humanising illness: Presenting health information in educational comics","volume":"40","author":"McNicol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/21504857.2015.1127844","article-title":"Comics in public health: The sociocultural and cognitive influence of narrative on health behaviors","volume":"7","author":"Dobbins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Graph. Nov. Comics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/jpcu.12402","article-title":"\u201cWhat do you think I am? Crazy?\u201d: The Joker and stigmatizing representations of mental ill-health","volume":"49","author":"Goodwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pop. Cult."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u2018Graphic Medicine\u2019 as a mental health information resource: Insights from comics producers","volume":"6","author":"Farthing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comics Grid J. Comics Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, F., de las Casas, D., Flores, V., Youn, S., Cha, M., Quercia, D., and Almeida, V. (2015, January 19). Dawn of the Selfie Era: The Whos, Wheres, and Hows of Selfies on Instagram. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on Conference on Online Social Networks, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2817946.2817948"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"WordStream (2019, August 26). 33 Mind-Boggling Instagram Stats & Facts for 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.wordstream.com\/blog\/ws\/2017\/04\/20\/instagram-statistics."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"67","article-title":"The wealth effects associated with a celebrity endorser: The Michael Jordan phenomenon","volume":"37","author":"Mathur","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Advert. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolau, J., and Santa-Mar\u00eda, M. (2013). \u201cCelebrity Endorsers\u201d Performance on the \u201cGround\u201d and on the \u201cFloor\u201d, Springer. Marketing Letters.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11002-012-9212-3"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Statista (2022, January 07). Instagram-Nutzerzahlen F\u00fcr \u00d6sterreich Bis 2021. Altersverteilung. Statista., Available online: https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/512380\/umfrage\/instagram-nutzer-inoesterreich\/."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Statista (2022, January 07). Altersverteilung der \u00d6sterreichischen Instagram-Nutzer im April 2021. Available online: https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/512308\/umfrage\/instagram-nutzerzerzahlenfuer-oesterreich-nach-alter\/."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/13645570701606028","article-title":"The role of gender, environment and individual biography in shaping quali-tative interview data","volume":"12","author":"Broom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x","article-title":"The benefits of Facebook \u201cfriends:\u201d Social capital and college students\u2019 use of online social network sites","volume":"12","author":"Ellison","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Bai, X., and Wang, Y. (2013). The Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE): Psychometric properties and normative data in a large Chinese sample. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061137"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030277","article-title":"Development and validation of a social media use integration scale","volume":"2","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Pop. Media Cult."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2017.1301041","article-title":"The Social Media Use Integration Scale: Toward Reliability and Validity","volume":"33","author":"Maree","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-009-9493-y","article-title":"New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings","volume":"97","author":"Diener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Schneider, S., and Schupp, J. (2022, January 07). The Social Comparison Scale: Testing the Validity, Reliability, and Applicability of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM) on the German Population. Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1772742."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000558","article-title":"The Online Social Support Scale: Measure development and validation","volume":"30","author":"Nick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/002224298905300204","article-title":"An empirical examination of the structural antecedents of attitude toward the ad in an advertising pretesting context","volume":"53","author":"MacKenzie","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1108\/QMR-06-2013-0041","article-title":"Why people use social media: A uses and gratifications approach","volume":"16","author":"Whiting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"2158244020919535","article-title":"Communitainment on Instagram: Fitness Content and Community-Driven Communication as Social Media Entertainment","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25054","DOI":"10.2196\/25054","article-title":"Impact of an Educational Comic to Enhance Patient-Physician-Electronic Health Record Engagement: Prospective Observational Study","volume":"8","author":"Alkureishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210244000135","article-title":"Levels of processing: Past, present\u2026 and future?","volume":"10","author":"Craik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260701532880","article-title":"Cognition and emotion in TV message processing: How valence, arousing content, structural complexity, and information density affect the availability of cognitive resources","volume":"10","author":"Lang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Media Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260709336810","article-title":"Dynamic, embodied, limited-capacity attention and memory: Modeling cognitive processing of mediated stimuli","volume":"9","author":"Bradley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Media Psychol."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"An, J., and Weber, I. (2016). # greysanatomy vs. # yankees: Demographics and hashtag use on Twitter. arXiv, preprint."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2007.04.004","article-title":"The role of emotion in computer mediated communication","volume":"24","author":"Daantje","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/3\/1608\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:32Z","timestamp":1760134292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/3\/1608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19031608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19031608","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]}}}