{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T21:30:49Z","timestamp":1785447049315,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (Southeast Asia-Europe Joint Funding Scheme for Research and Innovation Program)","award":["2243\/PKS\/ITS\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2243\/PKS\/ITS\/2021"]}]},{"name":"World Class Professor Program - Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Indonesia:","award":["2817\/E4. 1\/KK.04.05\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2817\/E4. 1\/KK.04.05\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Indonesian Collaborative Research Program-Program Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia (PPKI)","award":["1328\/PKS\/ITS\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1328\/PKS\/ITS\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently a global challenge, with 210 countries, including Indonesia, seeking to minimize its spread. Therefore, this study aims to determine the spatiotemporal spread pattern of this virus in Surabaya using various data on confirmed cases from 28 April to 26 October 2021. It also aims to determine the relationship between pollutant parameters, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3), as well as the government\u2019s high social restrictions policy in Java-Bali. Several methods, such as the weighted mean center, directional distribution, Getis\u2013Ord Gi*, Moran\u2019s I, and geographically weighted regression, were used to identify the spatial spread pattern of the virus. The weighted mean center indicated that the epicenter location of the outbreak moved randomly. The directional distribution demonstrated a decrease of 21 km2 at the end of the study phase, which proved that its spread has significantly reduced in Surabaya. Meanwhile, the Getis\u2013Ord Gi* results demonstrated that the eastern and southern parts of the study region were highly infected. Moran\u2019s I demonstrate that COVID-19 cases clustered during the spike. The geographically weighted regression model indicated a number of influence zones in the northeast, northwest, and a few in the southwest parts at the peak of R2 0.55. The relationship between COVID-19 cases and air pollution parameters proved that people living at the outbreak\u2019s center have low pollution levels due to lockdown. Furthermore, the lockdown policy reduced CO, NO2, SO2, and O3. In addition, increase in air pollutants; namely, NO2, CO, SO2 and O3, was recorded after 7 weeks of lockdown implementation (started from 18 August).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:08Z","timestamp":1643593568000},"page":"1614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Spatiotemporal Analysis for COVID-19 Delta Variant Using GIS-Based Air Parameter and Spatial Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mokhamad Nur","family":"Cahyadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research Center Science Technology of Marine and Earth, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2587-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hepi Hapsari","family":"Handayani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IDAA","family":"Warmadewanthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catur Aries","family":"Rokhmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 5581, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7758-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soni Sunarso","family":"Sulistiawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty Of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christrijogo Sumartono","family":"Waloedjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Disaster Management, Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agus Budi","family":"Raharjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Endroyono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Atok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilvy Choiriyatun","family":"Navisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mega","family":"Wulansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5108-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuanggen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, July 07). 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