{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T05:05:22Z","timestamp":1764133522834,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK MRC-Newton Ungku Omar Fund","award":["Medical Research Council UK - Newton Fund (MR\/P013910\/1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Medical Research Council UK - Newton Fund (MR\/P013910\/1)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the impact of the \u2018Be Cancer Alert\u2019 mass media campaign for breast cancer (BCAC-BC) in terms of changes to women\u2019s health beliefs regarding BC susceptibility and the benefits and barriers of breast cancer screening in Malaysia. Pre- and post-campaign surveys evaluated changes in health beliefs among women aged 40 years and above (n = 676). The perceived susceptibility to breast cancer was significantly higher at follow-up (mean \u00b1 SD: 7.30 \u00b1 2.77 vs. 7.63 \u00b1 2.58, p = 0.008) whereas the mean score for the perceived benefits of undertaking screening was high at baseline and follow-up (16.34 \u00b1 2.36 vs. 15.95 \u00b1 2.07, p = 0.001). The perceptions or beliefs about barriers to screening did not change significantly (31.70 \u00b1 8.26 vs. 31.77 \u00b1 7.63, p = 0.841). Regression analyses indicated that mean scores for the barriers subscale were significantly lower among Chinese women (\u22122.61, 95% CI \u22124.67, \u22120.55, p = 0.013) compared to Malay, and among single compared to married women (\u22122.40, 95% CI \u22124.60, \u22120.21, p = 0.032) after adjustment for other demographic variables and past screening history. Malaysian women appeared to already have positive perceptions before the BCAC-BC mass media campaign about the benefits of BC screening. However, the campaign appeared to be linked to both an increased awareness of the susceptibility to breast cancer and to positive beliefs that countered emotional barriers to screening, particularly among single women and Chinese-Malay women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:08Z","timestamp":1643593568000},"page":"1618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Changing Health Beliefs about Breast Cancer Screening among Women in Multi-Ethnic Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mila Nu Nu","family":"Htay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Melaka 75150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4923-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maznah","family":"Dahlui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Administration, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9e","family":"Schliemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health and UKCRC, Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Cardwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health and UKCRC, Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6924-8368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siew Yim","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nor Saleha Binti","family":"Ibrahim Tamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saunthari","family":"Somasundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Society, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health and UKCRC, Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tin Tin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO) and Global Public Health, Jeffery Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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