{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:17:33Z","timestamp":1787242653514,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many individual factors, such as early communicative skills, could play a role in explaining later linguistic outcomes. The detection of predictive variables is fundamental to identifying early the children who need intervention. The present study focuses on children with sex chromosome trisomies (SCTs), genetic conditions with an increased risk of developing language delays or impairments. The aims are to analyse their communicative skills at 18 months of age, and identify significant predictors of their later vocabulary size. Participants were 76 18-month-old children (38 with SCTs, and 38 typically-developing (TD) children). Their communicative skills were assessed during a parent\u2013child play session, and parents filled in a report on their vocabulary development at 18 and 24 months. Children with SCTs showed significantly poorer linguistic skills at 18 months in both preverbal (babbling and gestures) and verbal abilities. A high percentage (nearly 70%) of toddlers with SCTs were late-talking children at 24 months, and those toddlers showed a lower frequency of babbling utterances at 18 months. Early lexical skills, children\u2019s developmental quotient, and being part of the group of toddlers with SCTs were significant predictors of children\u2019s vocabulary size six months later. These variables should be considered when assessing the linguistic competence of a child with SCTs to detect possible early risk factors of future language impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1644179807000},"page":"1831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Language Development in the Second Year of Life: The Case of Children with Sex Chromosome Trisomies Diagnosed before Birth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Zampini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell\u2019Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4732-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Lorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell\u2019Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Silibello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace, 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Zanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell\u2019Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Dall\u2019Ara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace, 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola Francesca","family":"Ajmone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace, 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace, 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faustina","family":"Lalatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via della Commenda, 12, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Antonella","family":"Costantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace, 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola Giovanna","family":"Vizziello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace, 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12497","article-title":"Language Profiles and Literacy Outcomes of Children with Resolving, Emerging, or Persisting Language Impairments","volume":"57","author":"Snowling","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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