{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:48:57Z","timestamp":1760150937920,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOC\/Fiocruz"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOC\/Fiocruz"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the World Health Organization declared the global COVID-19 state of emergency in early 2020, several vaccine candidates have emerged to control SARS-CoV-2, and some of them have been approved and implemented in vaccination campaigns worldwide. Although clinical trials for these vaccines have been carried out using highly controlled methods with accurate immunological tests, clinical questionnaires did not include questions concerning the physical activity profile among volunteers. It has been well established that physical activity plays a pivotal role in the immune response after vaccination, led by the activation of cytokines, antibodies, and cells. This concept should have been considered when evaluating the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine candidates, particularly in elderly and obese people. Here, we discuss data from the literature providing strong evidence regarding the importance of analyzing physical activity parameters to improve the accuracy of clinical trials on assessing the efficacy of vaccine candidates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T08:38:48Z","timestamp":1644223128000},"page":"1853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Why Physical Activity Should Be Considered in Clinical Trials for COVID-19 Vaccines: A Focus on Risk Groups"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Miguel Junior Sordi","family":"Bortolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Health and Sports Sciences Center, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3841-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Petriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center UDF, Bras\u00edlia 70390-045, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9010-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"Mineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology \u201cDr. M\u00e1rio Endsfeldz Camargo\u201d, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38405-317, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6711-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael de Oliveira","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38405-317, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO, UNICEF, and The World Bank (2009). 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