{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:51:27Z","timestamp":1787320287440,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To examine the risk of cancer in former school children exposed to environmental asbestos in childhood with a focus on female cancers, including breast cancer. Methods: We retrieved a cohort of females (n = 6024) attending four schools located in the neighborhood of a large asbestos cement plant in Denmark. A reference cohort was frequency-matched 1:9 (n = 54,200) in sex and five-year age intervals. Using Danish registries, we linked information on historical employments, relatives\u2019 employments, cancer, and vital status. We calculated standardized incidence rates (SIRs) for all and specific cancers, comparing these rates with the reference cohort. Hazard ratios were calculated for selected cancers adjusted for occupational and familial asbestos exposure. Results: For cancer of the corpus uteri (SIR 1.29, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.66) and malignant mesothelioma (SIR 7.26, 95% CI 3.26\u201316.15), we observed significantly increased incidences. Occupationally, asbestos exposure had a significantly increased hazard ratio for cancer in the cervix, however, a significantly lower risk of ovarian cancer. The overall cancer incidence was similar to that of the reference cohort (SIR 1.02, 95% CI 0.96\u20131.07). The risk of cancer of the lung was increased for those exposed to occupational asbestos, those with family members occupationally exposed to asbestos and for tobacco smokers. Conclusions: In our study, environmental asbestos exposure in childhood is associated with an increased risk of cancer of the corpus uteri and malignant mesothelioma in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T21:08:43Z","timestamp":1644786523000},"page":"2086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Cohort Study on Cancer Incidence among Women Exposed to Environmental Asbestos in Childhood with a Focus on Female Cancers, including Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sofie B\u00fcnemann","family":"Dalsgaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, University Research Clinic, Goedstrup Hospital, 7400 Herning, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Else Toft","family":"W\u00fcrtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnni","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluf Dimitri","family":"R\u00f8e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag Hospital Trust, 7600 Levanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Omland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2014.09.016","article-title":"The global spread of asbestos","volume":"80","author":"Frank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03350010057027","article-title":"Landmark article April 6, 1964: Asbestos exposure and neoplasia. By Irving J. Selikoff, Jacob Churg, and E. Cuyler Hammond","volume":"252","author":"Selikoff","year":"1984","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031811-124704","article-title":"The worldwide pandemic of asbestos-related diseases","volume":"34","author":"Stayner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"134","article-title":"A study of the mortality of female asbestos workers","volume":"29","author":"Newhouse","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10115629","article-title":"Domestic asbestos exposure: A review of epidemiologic and exposure data","volume":"10","author":"Goswami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105392","article-title":"Environmental asbestos exposure in childhood and risk of mesothelioma later in life: A long-term follow-up register-based cohort study","volume":"76","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.035782","article-title":"The mortality of women exposed environmentally and domestically to blue asbestos at Wittenoom, Western Australia","volume":"65","author":"Reid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200801-063OC","article-title":"Mapping the risk of mesothelioma due to neighborhood asbestos exposure","volume":"178","author":"Kurumatani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.050336","article-title":"Possible effect of environmental exposure to asbestos on geographical variation in mesothelioma rates","volume":"67","author":"Goldberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3756","article-title":"Non-occupational exposure to asbestos is the main cause of malignant mesothelioma in women in North Jutland, Denmark","volume":"45","author":"Panou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012). Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 100, 11\u2013465."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199907)36:1<129::AID-AJIM18>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Cohort mortality study of women compensated for asbestosis in Italy","volume":"36","author":"Germani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0746","article-title":"Gynecologic and breast cancers in women after exposure to blue asbestos at Wittenoom","volume":"18","author":"Reid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"433","article-title":"Screening for asbestos-related conditions","volume":"171","author":"Brauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ugeskr. Laeger"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"376","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the pleura among women","volume":"95","author":"Bianchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"La Med. Del Lav."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"A4902","article-title":"Almost half of women with malignant mesothelioma were exposed to asbestos at home through their husbands or sons","volume":"61","author":"Langhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810393562","article-title":"The Danish Cancer Registry","volume":"39","author":"Gjerstorff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012). Personal habits and indoor combustions. Volume 100 E. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 100, 1\u2013538."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S129879","article-title":"Confounding in observational studies based on large health care databases: Problems and potential solutions\u2014A primer for the clinician","volume":"9","author":"Norgaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200403000-00003","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women: Exploring gender differences","volume":"10","author":"Varkey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S91125","article-title":"The Danish National Patient Registry: A review of content, data quality, and research potential","volume":"7","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.11.782","article-title":"Mortality from all cancers of asbestos factory workers in east London 1933-80","volume":"57","author":"Berry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602240","article-title":"Cancer mortality in a cohort of asbestos textile workers","volume":"92","author":"Pira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"34","article-title":"Mortality of female gas mask assemblers","volume":"39","author":"Wignall","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"133","article-title":"Tumor mortality and from other causes in asbestos cement workers at the Casale Montferrato plant","volume":"87","author":"Magnani","year":"1996","journal-title":"La Med. Lav."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10195","article-title":"Cancer mortality and incidence of mesothelioma in a cohort of wives of asbestos workers in Casale Monferrato, Italy","volume":"115","author":"Ferrante","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109915","article-title":"Increased risk of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura after residential or domestic exposure to asbestos: A case-control study in Casale Monferrato, Italy","volume":"109","author":"Magnani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22103","article-title":"All-cause mortality and cancer incidence among adults exposed to blue asbestos during childhood","volume":"56","author":"Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22229","article-title":"Characterization of a French series of female cases of mesothelioma","volume":"56","author":"Camiade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.2.111","article-title":"Mortality from lung cancer and population risk attributable to asbestos in an asbestos cement manufacturing town in Italy","volume":"55","author":"Magnani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19971127)73:5<625::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Cancer incidence in female smokers: A 26-year follow-up","volume":"73","author":"Nordlund","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00359-2016","article-title":"Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide","volume":"48","author":"Malhotra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61303-9","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers","volume":"374","author":"Salvi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"162","article-title":"Latency periods in asbestos-related mesothelioma of the pleura","volume":"6","author":"Bianchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/4\/2086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:18:35Z","timestamp":1760134715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/4\/2086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19042086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19042086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]]}}}