{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:03:35Z","timestamp":1788667415671,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on proteins and peptides that play roles in metabolic regulation, which may be considered potential insulin resistance markers in some medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), has recently gained in interest. PCOS is a common endocrine disorder associated with hyperandrogenemia and failure of ovulation, which is often accompanied by metabolic abnormalities, including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. In this review, we focus on less commonly known peptides\/proteins and investigate their role as potential biomarkers for insulin resistance in females affected by PCOS. We summarize studies comparing the serum fasting concentration of particular agents in PCOS individuals and healthy controls. Based on our analysis, we propose that, in the majority of studies, the levels of nesfastin-1, myonectin, omentin, neudesin were decreased in PCOS patients, while the levels of the other considered agents (e.g., preptin, gremlin-1, neuregulin-4, xenopsin-related peptide, xenin-25, and galectin-3) were increased. However, there also exist studies presenting contrary results; in particular, most data existing for lipocalin-2 are inconsistent. Therefore, further research is required to confirm those hypotheses, as well as to elucidate the involvement of these factors in PCOS-related metabolic complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T21:08:43Z","timestamp":1644786523000},"page":"2099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Review of Novel Potential Insulin Resistance Biomarkers in PCOS Patients\u2014The Debate Is Still Open"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7609-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagoda","family":"Kruszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8573-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Laudy-Wiaderny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Public Healthcare Complex in Masovian Minsk, 05-300 Masovian Minsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kunicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, 00-019 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1216271","article-title":"New peptides players in metabolic disorders","volume":"70","author":"Mierzwicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Post\u0119py Higieny i Medycyny Do\u015bwiadczalnej"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692642","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.692642","article-title":"New Peptides as Potential Players in the Crosstalk Between the Brain and Obesity, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Czarzasta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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