{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:07:50Z","timestamp":1790708870021,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlamydiaceae are obligatory intracellular bacteria causing acute and chronic diseases in animals and humans worldwide, with recently discovered species with a still unclear pathogenic potential (i.e., C. gallinacea). In Italy, Chlamydiaceae infections are underestimated both in animals and humans. To estimate the prevalence of Chlamydiaceae species in poultry and occupationally exposed workers on farm, a cross-sectional study was carried out in north-western Italy. A total of 2063 samples from 83 commercial and 31 backyard poultry farms were analysed using real-time PCRs for Chlamydiaceae screening and species typing. Chlamydiaceae were detected in 23 farms, with a herd prevalence of 20.2% (95%CI: 13.2\u201328.7), higher in backyard farms (38.7%; 95%CI: 21.8\u201357.8) compared to commercial ones (13.3%; 95%CI: 6.8\u201322.5). C. gallinacea was found in 18 chicken farms, both commercial and backyard, and C. psittaci only in 3 backyard farms. Exposure to wild birds and factors related to biosecurity resulted the main risk factors associated with Chlamydia positivity. Out of the 113 sputum samples collected from farmers, 16 tested positive to Chlamydiaceae, with a prevalence of 14.2% (95%CI: 8, 3\u201322). To the best of our knowledge, for the first time at international level, C. gallinacea was detected in humans with farmer positivity associated with farm infectious status, suggesting a bird-to-human transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:43:22Z","timestamp":1644965002000},"page":"2174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Chlamydia Species and Related Risk Factors in Poultry in North-Western Italy: Possible Bird-to-Human Transmission for C. gallinacea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0431-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Marchino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7659-1773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Barzanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriana Anna","family":"Sparasci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6337-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bottino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S.C. Microbiology and Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Chlamydioses, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Rigamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Chlamydioses, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Braghin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S.C. Sanit\u00e0 Animale, Dipartimento Di Prevenzione, ASL CN1, Via Carlo Boggio 12, 12100 Cuneo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachid","family":"Aaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7678-5551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien","family":"Vorimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0591-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7605-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Laroucau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Lucia","family":"Mandola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.047","article-title":"Simultaneous zoonotic transmission of Chlamydophila psittaci genotypes D, F and E\/B to a veterinary scientist","volume":"135","author":"Beeckman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. 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