{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:37:06Z","timestamp":1791430626116,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST-110-2813-C-016-027-B\uff1bMOST-107-2314-B-016-045-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2813-C-016-027-B\uff1bMOST-107-2314-B-016-045-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003559","name":"Ministry of National Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAB-109-082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-109-082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003559","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shipyard welders are often exposed to welding metal fumes. Ocular surfaces are continually exposed to environmental hazards. However, limited information on the associations between metal exposure and dry eye metrics in occupational settings is available. This study employed a cross-sectional design that involved the participation of 59 welders and 25 administrative staff in a shipyard in northern Taiwan from September 2020 to October 2020. The participants\u2019 individual information, laboratory data, exposure to particulate matter &lt; 2.5 \u03bcm, urinary, and toenail metal concentrations were collected. Dry eye metrics were evaluated using standardized questionnaires and a noninvasive ocular surface analyzer. Urinary V and Cr and toenail V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, and Cd and Pb were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group. After adjustment for confounding factors, dry eye metrics were associated with urinary Cd (\u03b2 = 0.407; p = 0.007) and toenail Pb (\u03b2 = 0.482; p = 0.002). The participants with higher urinary Cd exhibited higher odds ratios for elevated dry eye metrics. Our study revealed that exposure to welding procedures increases several metal biomarkers. In addition, urinary Cd, and toenail Pb might be related to dry eye disease in shipyard welders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"2264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Associations between Biomarkers of Metal Exposure and Dry Eye Metrics in Shipyard Welders: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ying-Hsi","family":"Liou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, 161 Min-Chuan E. Rd., Sec. 6, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Yu","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, 161 Min-Chuan E. Rd., Sec. 6, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung-Chi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, 161 Min-Chuan E. Rd., Sec. 6, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2808-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Ching","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5097-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Huang","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, 161 Min-Chuan E. Rd., Sec. 6, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30255-3","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of welding, molybdenum trioxide, and indium tin oxide","volume":"18","author":"Guha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112144","article-title":"Chronic exposure to metal fume PM2. 5 on inflammation and stress hormone cortisol in shipyard workers: A repeat measurement study","volume":"215","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. 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