{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T12:25:46Z","timestamp":1768479946379,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The typical characteristics of wastewater produced from seafood, chemical, textile, and paper industries are that it contains ammonia, sulfate, and a certain amount of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The sulfate-reducing ammonium oxidation process is a biochemical reaction that allows both ammonia and sulfate removal, but its low growth rate and harsh reaction conditions limit its practical application. Due to the adsorption properties of the iron sponge and its robust structure, it provides a suitable living environment for microorganisms. To reduce the negative impact on the environment, we employed 4.8 kg of sponge iron in a 2.0 dm3 anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR). We investigated the effects of the type and concentration of carbon sources on the performance of the sulfate-reducing ammonium oxidation (SRAO) process. The results demonstrated that during a start-up period of 90 days, the average ammonium removal efficiency and the sulfate conversion efficiency of the reactor containing the sponge iron were 4.42% and 8.37% higher than those of the reactor without the sponge iron. The addition of the sponge iron shortens the start-up time of this greenhouse gas-free denitrification process and reduces future costs in practical applications. The removal of total nitrogen (TN) significantly increased after adding organic carbon sources and then declined sharply, while the most considerable reduction of ammonium removal efficiency from 98.4% to 30.5% was observed with adding phenol. The performance of the group employing glucose as the carbon source was recovered on the 28th day, with the average ammonium removal efficiency increasing from 49.03% to 83.5%. The results of this simulation study will help the rapid start-up of SRAO in the water treatment industry and can precisely guide the application of the SRAO process for wastewater containing different organic carbon sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"2283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Applications of Sponge Iron and Effects of Organic Carbon Source on Sulfate-Reducing Ammonium Oxidation Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shidong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weizhuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingwei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingbo","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madaleno, M., and Moutinho, V. 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