{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:03:53Z","timestamp":1787169833740,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The association between beverage intake and ulcerative colitis (UC) is not well-established, with no available data from Arab countries. Herein, we investigated the potential association of consuming coffee, tea, and carbonated soft drinks with UC among a population from Saudi Arabia. Methods: This hospital-based case-control study used data of 171 newly diagnosed UC patients and 400 patients with other gastrointestinal conditions who served as controls. All UC cases were ascertained by endoscopy, while beverage intake was assessed by a questionnaire that was completed before diagnosis. We computed odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of UC and UC extension for frequent versus infrequent intakes of coffee, tea, and carbonated soft drinks using logistic regression. Results: Overall, 23.4% of UC patients had pancolitis, 21.1% extensive, 51.4% left-sided, and 4.1% proctitis. UC patients had a similar sex distribution to the controls but were older and had a lower BMI. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking history, frequent intakes of coffee and tea were associated with lower odds of UC: 0.62 (0.42, 0.91) and 0.53 (0.35, 0.79), respectively. On the other hand, frequent intakes of carbonated soft drinks were associated with increased odds of UC: 9.82 (6.12, 15.76). The frequency of beverage consumption was not associated with UC extension. Conclusion: UC was negatively associated with frequent coffee and tea consumption but positively associated with frequent carbonated soft drink intake in Saudi people. More population-based prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm our findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"2287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Beverage Consumption and Ulcerative Colitis: A Case-Control Study from Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Anas","family":"Almofarreh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Riyadh 15595, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haytham A.","family":"Sheerah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion and Health Education Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita 564-8565, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6089-2627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaik Shaffi","family":"Ahamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Alzeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion and Health Education Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5230-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiam","family":"Al-Hunaishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ma","family":"Mhimed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Tissue Culture Department, Libyan Center for Biotechnology Research, Tripoli 30313, Libya"},{"name":"Head of Information, Research and Data Analysis Department, National Center for Disease Control (NCDC)\u2014Aljafara Branch, Tripoli 71171, Libya"},{"name":"Scientific Research Unit, Research and Development Department, Primary Health Care Institute, Tripoli 00218, Libya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Hazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion and Health Education Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin How","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"389","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22839","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis as a progressive disease: The forgotten evidence","volume":"18","author":"Torres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. 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