{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:53:15Z","timestamp":1760151195930,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]],"date-time":"2022-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excessive alcohol use and gambling can have negative consequences. Across countries, the risk of excessive alcohol use is more common in university populations than in the general population. However, few studies have investigated the prevalence of both alcohol use and gambling in this group. This study explores these behaviours in a Swedish university setting. In addition, this study investigates how impulsivity affects alcohol use and gambling. In total, 794 Swedish students answered an online survey. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics to determine prevalence, and multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the contribution of impulsivity, age, and sex to alcohol use and gambling. Compared to the Swedish national prevalence, the prevalence was higher for excessive alcohol use, but the prevalence of gambling was at the same level or lower. High levels of impulsivity and male sex increased the risk of excessive alcohol use, while older age lowered the risk of excessive alcohol use and gambling. The results indicate that primarily young men could benefit from primary prevention in a university setting. Also, screening for impulsivity in men might be one way to identify risk groups in a university population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:18:05Z","timestamp":1645431485000},"page":"2436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Alcohol Use and Gambling Associated with Impulsivity among a Swedish University Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2004-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Forsstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Albanov\u00e4gen 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1019-0245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Rozental","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, von Kramers All\u00e9 1A, 751 42 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5923-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Sundqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Albanov\u00e4gen 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13757","article-title":"The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease\u2014An update","volume":"112","author":"Rehm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l1807","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1807","article-title":"Gambling and public health: We need policy action to prevent harm","volume":"365","author":"Wardle","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Browne, M., Langham, E., Rawat, V., Greer, N., Li, E., Rose, J., Rockloff, M., Donaldson, P., Thorne, H., and Goodwin, B. (2016). Assessing Gambling-Related Harm, Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, December 01). The Public Health Agency of Sweden. Available online: https:\/\/www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se\/folkhalsorapporteringstatistik\/statistik-a-o\/ovrig-statistik-a-o\/alkohol\/?t=county."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"The Public Health Agency of Sweden (2020). Swedish Longitudinal Gambling Study (Swelogs), The Public Health Agency of Sweden."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa109","article-title":"Trait Impulsivity Impedes Maturing Out of Problem Drinking Among Socially Anxious Undergraduates","volume":"56","author":"Bilevicius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108780","article-title":"Relations between impulsive personality traits, alcohol and cannabis co-use, and negative alcohol consequences: A test of cognitive and behavioral mediators","volume":"225","author":"Waddell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Williams, R.J., Hann, R.G., Schopflocher, D.P., West, B.L., McLaughlin, P., White, N., King, K., and Flexhaug, T. (2021, December 01). Quinte Longitudinal Study of Gambling and Problem Gambling. Available online: https:\/\/opus.uleth.ca\/bitstream\/handle\/10133\/3641\/QLS-OPGRC-2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1783","article-title":"Psychiatric Aspects of Impulsivity","volume":"158","author":"Moeller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03100.x","article-title":"Impulsivity and socio-economic status interact to increase the risk of gambling onset among youth","volume":"105","author":"Auger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000060","article-title":"How do impulsivity traits influence problem gambling through gambling motives? The role of perceived gambling risk\/benefits","volume":"29","author":"Canale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9473-2","article-title":"Risk Gambling and Personality: Results from a Representative Swedish Sample","volume":"31","author":"Sundqvist","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05868","article-title":"Drawing alcohol craving process: A systematic review of its association with thought suppression, inhibition and impulsivity","volume":"7","author":"Bernard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22474-8","article-title":"Multidimensional impulsivity as a mediator of early life stress and alcohol dependence","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.09.004","article-title":"Does gender moderate associations among impulsivity and health-risk behaviors?","volume":"33","author":"Stoltenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjet, C., Mortier, P., Kiekens, G., Ebert, D.D., Auerbach, R.P., Kessler, R.C., Cuijpers, P., Green, J.G., Nock, M.K., and Demyttenaere, K. (2021). A risk algorithm that predicts alcohol use disorders among college students. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01712-3"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2008.00528.x","article-title":"A Neurogenetic Approach to Impulsivity","volume":"76","author":"Congdon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.02.008","article-title":"Mood-based rash action and its components: Positive and negative urgency","volume":"43","author":"Cyders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.03.003","article-title":"Impulsivity-related personality traits and adolescent alcohol use: A meta-analytic review","volume":"33","author":"Stautz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00064-7","article-title":"The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity","volume":"30","author":"Whiteside","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12131","article-title":"Multidimensionality in Impulsivity and Alcohol Use: A Meta-Analysis Using the UPPS Model of Impulsivity","volume":"37","author":"Coskunpinar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000335662","article-title":"Co-Occurrence of Addictive Behaviours: Personality Factors Related to Substance Use, Gambling and Computer Gaming","volume":"18","author":"Walther","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.05.032","article-title":"Gambling as a form of risk-taking: Individual differences in personality, risk-accepting attitudes, and behavioral preferences for risk","volume":"49","author":"Mishra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740235","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.740235","article-title":"The Relationship Between Gambling Problems and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Erevik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.06.015","article-title":"Drinking at European universities? A review of students\u2019 alcohol use","volume":"35","author":"Wicki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davoren, M.P., Demant, J., Shiely, F., and Perry, I.J. (2016). Alcohol consumption among university students in Ireland and the United Kingdom from 2002 to 2014: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2843-1"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Wong, I.L.K., So, E.M.T., and Chu, C.H. (2021). Gambling Behavior Among Hong Kong College and University Students. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., 1\u201312."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-018-0093-3","article-title":"Associations of Dark Triad traits and problem gambling: Moderating role of age among university students","volume":"40","author":"Onyedire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9726-y","article-title":"A Meta-analytical Synthesis and Examination of Pathological and Problem Gambling Rates and Associated Moderators Among College Students, 1987\u20132016","volume":"34","author":"Nowak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1177\/1455072519863545","article-title":"Breath alcohol concentration, hazardous drinking and preloading among Swedish university students","volume":"36","author":"Durbeej","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nord. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm008","article-title":"Alcohol involvement in Swedish University freshmen related to gender, age, serious relationship and family history of alcohol problems","volume":"42","author":"Andersson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"427","article-title":"Psychosocial health and gambling problems among men and women aged 16\u201324 years in the Swedish National Public Health Survey","volume":"23","author":"Hallqvist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Babor, T.F., Higgins-Biddle, J.C., Saunders, J.B., and Monteiro, M.G. (2001). Audit. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Guidelines for Use in Primary Care, WHO."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ferris, J.A., and Wynne, H.J. (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.02.025","article-title":"Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist?","volume":"48","author":"Steel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozental, A., Forsell, E., Svensson, A., Forsstr\u00f6m, D., Andersson, G., and Carlbring, P. (2014). Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the pure procrastination scale, the irrational procrastination scale, and the susceptibility to temptation scale in a clinical population. BMC Psychol., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-014-0054-z"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/2167696820986742","article-title":"Changes in college student alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Are perceived drinking norms still relevant?","volume":"9","author":"Graupensperger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Adulthood"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"100377","article-title":"Working at home and alcohol use","volume":"14","author":"Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict. Behav. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2017.08.002","article-title":"Treating Procrastination Using Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Treatment Delivered via the Internet or in Groups","volume":"49","author":"Rozental","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2014.05.005","article-title":"Group versus Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for procrastination: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Rozental","year":"2014","journal-title":"Internet Interv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18693","DOI":"10.2196\/18693","article-title":"Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Problematic Alcohol Use in a Workplace Setting: Protocol for Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Feasibility and Outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Berman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Is alcohol consumption associated with poor academic achievement in university students?","volume":"4","author":"Stock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00086","article-title":"Problematic Alcohol Use among University Students","volume":"8","author":"Mekonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042616659757","article-title":"Assessing Drinking and Academic Performance Among a Nationally Representative Sample of College Students","volume":"46","author":"Barry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.548","article-title":"Collegiate Alcohol Consumption and Academic Performance","volume":"68","author":"Singleton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1037\/a0040275","article-title":"Alcohol interventions for mandated college students: A meta-analytic review","volume":"84","author":"Carey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035192","article-title":"Efficacy of alcohol interventions for first-year college students: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"82","author":"Carey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2020.100357","article-title":"Mental health and movement behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in UK university students: Prospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Savage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-Ramos, J.C., Lerma, C., Guzm\u00e1n-Salda\u00f1a, R.M.E., Lerma, A., Bosques-Brugada, L.E., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Fragoso, C.M. (2022). Academic Performance during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Relationship with Demographic Factors and Alcohol Consumption in College Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010365"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.040","article-title":"Alcohol use, cannabis use, and psychopathology symptoms among college students before and after COVID-19","volume":"142","author":"Schepis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000796","article-title":"Changes in alcohol use during COVID-19 and associations with contextual and individual difference variables: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Acuff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ckab165-133","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab165.133","article-title":"Trends in alcohol consumption during COVID-19 lockdowns: Systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Martellucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000081413","article-title":"Evaluation of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) in Criminal Justice and Detoxification Settings and in a Swedish Population Sample","volume":"11","author":"Berman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13241","article-title":"How intoxicated are you? Investigating self and observer intoxication ratings in relation to blood alcohol concentration","volume":"40","author":"Monds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-016-9648-0","article-title":"Self-Reported Losses Versus Actual Losses in Online Gambling: An Empirical Study","volume":"33","author":"Auer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/4\/2436\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:23:22Z","timestamp":1760135002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/4\/2436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19042436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19042436","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]]}}}