{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T05:55:17Z","timestamp":1783749317305,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]],"date-time":"2022-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Juvenile obesity is associated with insulin resistance, among other comorbidities. In the pathogenesis of insulin-resistance-related diseases, including obesity and diabetes, Vitamin D deficiency is very common. Therefore, the relationship between insulin resistance, body composition, vitamin D level, and cardiorespiratory fitness in obese children and youth were analyzed based on the Children\u2019s Health InterventionaL Trial III project, Germany. Data on vitamin D levels and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indices were available from 147 participants (52.4% female; 90.5% obese; 12.3 \u00b1 2.3 years, BMI: 30.5 \u00b1 5.2 kg\/m2, BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS): 2.52 \u00b1 0.46). Vitamin D levels correlated negatively with the HOMA index, BMI, BMI-SDS, abdominal circumference, and body fat percentage but positively with relative cardiorespiratory fitness (p &lt; 0.05 in each case). In the backward stepwise linear regression analysis, body fat (in kg; \u03b2 = 0.403) and vitamin D levels (\u03b2 = \u22120.154) explained 21.0% of the variance in the HOMA index. In summary, increased body fat and lower vitamin D levels are associated with increased HOMA indices in overweight and obese children and adolescents. In order to prevent potential negative consequences, including the development of manifest Type 2 diabetes, a healthy lifestyle with a vitamin-D-enriched diet and more time spent outdoors should be promoted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:18:05Z","timestamp":1645431485000},"page":"2442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["HOMA Index, Vitamin D Levels, Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Juvenile Obesity: Data from the CHILT III Programme, Cologne"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Annika","family":"Fraemke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, Am Sportpark M\u00fcngersdorf 6, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, Am Sportpark M\u00fcngersdorf 6, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Cologne Center for Prevention in Childhood and Youth\/Heart Center Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Friesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, Am Sportpark M\u00fcngersdorf 6, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, Am Sportpark M\u00fcngersdorf 6, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlen","family":"Klaudius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, Am Sportpark M\u00fcngersdorf 6, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9573-5127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Mahabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, Am Sportpark M\u00fcngersdorf 6, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2455-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Joisten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, Am Sportpark M\u00fcngersdorf 6, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, December 16). 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