{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:51:52Z","timestamp":1760151112500,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under the Japanese health insurance system, medicines undergoing therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be billed for medical fees if they meet the specified requirements. In Japan, TDM of vancomycin, teicoplanin, aminoglycosides, and voriconazole, which are used for the treatment of infectious diseases, is common practice. This means the levels of antibiotics are measured in-house using chromatography or other methods. In some facilities, the blood and\/or tissue concentrations of other non-TDM drugs are measured by HPLC and are applied to treatment, which is necessary for personalized medicine. This review describes personalized medicine based on the use of chromatography as a result of the current situation in Japan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:34:30Z","timestamp":1645569270000},"page":"2516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Importance and Reality of TDM for Antibiotics Not Covered by Insurance in Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Fumiya","family":"Ebihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Women\u2019s Medical University Hospital, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Women\u2019s Medical University Hospital, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5272-9560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideo","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mie University Hospital, Mie 514-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7111-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takumi","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Women\u2019s Medical University Hospital, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6990-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshimi","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Women\u2019s Medical University Hospital, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2116\/bunsekikagaku.68.473","article-title":"Development of a practical HPLC system for in-hospital analysis of blood concentration of various medicines","volume":"68","author":"Morikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bunseki Kagaku"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"226","article-title":"Committee on Toxicology Laboratories; Japanese Society for Clinical Toxicology [Survey of analytical works for drugs at emergency and critical care centers with high-performance instruments provided by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (at present: Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare) in fiscal 1998\u2014Continuation of survey with 2008 survey results as point of reference]","volume":"26","author":"Saito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chudoku Kenkyu"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e566","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.566","article-title":"Current State of Drug Analysis in Japanese Emergency Departments: A Nationwide Survey","volume":"7","author":"Otani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acute Med. 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