{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:49:11Z","timestamp":1789177751031,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan","award":["MOST 108-2221-E-041 -003 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2221-E-041 -003 -MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, fixed-bed adsorption of Pb(II) from an aqueous solution using chitosan-coated bentonite (CCB) was investigated. Characterization of CCB was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of varying bed height (1.3 to 4.3 cm), flow rate (0.20 to 0.60 mL\/min), and initial concentration (500 to 1500 mg\/L) on the length of mass transfer zone (Zm) and adsorption capacity at breakthrough (qb) and exhaustion (qe) were examined. Low flow rate and high bed height were determined to cause a longer time to reach breakthrough and exhaustion. Meanwhile, the fixed-bed system was observed to quickly attain breakthrough and exhaustion under high initial concentrations. Kinetic column models such as the Thomas, Yoon\u2013Nelson, and Clark models were used to predict the breakthrough curves. High R2 values (0.9758 \u2264 R2 \u2264 0.8087) were attained for the Thomas model, which indicates that there is good agreement between experimental data and linear plots generated by the Thomas model. Moreover, the Thomas model is best in describing the breakthrough curves of Pb(II) removal under a fixed-bed system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T22:54:02Z","timestamp":1645656842000},"page":"2597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Fixed-Bed Adsorption of Lead from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan-Coated Bentonite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5911-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cybelle Morales","family":"Futalan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning, University of the Philippines, Los Banos 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Wei","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.03.013","article-title":"Removal of Lead(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Pine Cone Activated Carbon","volume":"276","author":"Zarubica","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124772","article-title":"Facile and Efficient Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution by Chitosan-Lead Ion Imprinted Polymer Network","volume":"240","author":"Gatabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1021\/ie050618n","article-title":"Removal of Lead from Contaminated Soils Using Poly(Amidoamine) Dendrimers","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enceco.2020.10.003","article-title":"Modified Oil Palm Industry Solid Waste as a Potential Adsorbent for Lead Removal","volume":"3","author":"Elias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S., and Fucic, A. (2012). 10\u2014Heavy Metals: Lead. Toxicity of Building Materials, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857096357"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"11","article-title":"Phytoremediation of Contaminated Waters to Improve Water Quality","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Ansari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2016.04.004","article-title":"Removal of Lead by Adsorption with the Renewable Biopolymer Composite of Feather (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and Chitosan (Agaricus bisporus)","volume":"6","author":"Anantha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e752708","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/752708","article-title":"Heavy Metal Polluted Soils: Effect on Plants and Bioremediation Methods","volume":"2014","author":"Chibuike","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"389","article-title":"Growth and Some Photosynthetic Characteristics of Field Grown Avena Sativa under Copper and Lead Stress","volume":"30","author":"Moustakas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.09.109","article-title":"Facile One Pot Preparation of Magnetic Chitosan-Palygorskite Nanocomposite for Efficient Removal of Lead from Water","volume":"608","author":"Rusmin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2021, November 04). Administrative Order No. 2017-0010 || Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of 2017\u2014Food and Drug Administration, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov.ph\/administrative-order-no-2017-0010-philippine-national-standards-for-drinking-water-of-2017\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41742-019-00232-6","article-title":"Spectroscopic and Mineralogical Characterization of Bentonite Clay (Gharda\u00efa, Algeria) for Heavy Metals Removal in Aqueous Solutions","volume":"14","author":"Athman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.12.249","article-title":"Design and Scaling up of Fixed Bed Adsorption Columns for Lead Removal by Treated Laterite","volume":"177","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.09.031","article-title":"Phosphate Uptake Studies of Cross-Linked Chitosan Bead Materials","volume":"485","author":"Mahaninia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106628","article-title":"Removal of Lead (II) Ions from Water Using Chitosan\/Polyester Crosslinked Spheres Derived from Chitosan and Glycerol-Based Polyester","volume":"9","author":"Ekrayem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.03.023","article-title":"Use of a La(III)-Modified Bentonite for Effective Phosphate Removal from Aqueous Media","volume":"274","author":"Kuroki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.02.006","article-title":"Enhanced Adsorption Removal of Phosphate from Water by Mixed Lanthanum\/Aluminum Pillared Montmorillonite","volume":"151","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2020.105547","article-title":"La(III)-Bentonite\/Chitosan Composite: A New Type Adsorbent for Rapid Removal of Phosphate from Water Bodies","volume":"190","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131796","article-title":"Investigation of Mechanism of Heavy Metals (Cr6+, Pb2+ & Zn2+) Adsorption from Aqueous Medium Using Rice Husk Ash: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Approach","volume":"286","author":"Priya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132577","article-title":"Adsorption of Norfloxacin from Aqueous Solution on Biochar Derived from Spent Coffee Ground: Master Variables and Response Surface Method Optimized Adsorption Process","volume":"288","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.04.025","article-title":"Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution Using Amine-Impregnated Crab Shells in the Batch Process","volume":"77","author":"Jeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-5805(21)60053-7","article-title":"Magnetic Modification of Used Tea Leaves for Uranium Adsorption","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Carbon Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116759","article-title":"Chitosan\/Polyvinyl Alcohol Thin Membrane Adsorbents Modified with Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-8) Nanostructures: Batch Adsorption and Optimization","volume":"241","author":"Khajavian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.024","article-title":"Characterization of Surface Properties of Chitosan\/Bentonite Composites Beads by Inverse Gas Chromatography","volume":"166","author":"Bensalem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(01)00537-1","article-title":"A Simplified Equilibrium Model for Sorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions on Chitosan","volume":"36","author":"Juang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2012.720112","article-title":"Adsorption of Fe(II) Ions from Aqueous Phase by Chitosan Adsorbent: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies","volume":"50","author":"Radnia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2003.10.004","article-title":"Interactions of Metal Ions with Chitosan-Based Sorbents: A Review","volume":"38","author":"Guibal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1021\/bm034286m","article-title":"Novel Chitosan-Based Films Cross-Linked by Genipin with Improved Physical Properties","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1021\/bm4002014","article-title":"Biobased Chitosan\/Polybenzoxazine Cross-Linked Films: Preparation in Aqueous Media and Synergistic Improvements in Thermal and Mechanical Properties","volume":"14","author":"Alhwaige","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(01)00019-8","article-title":"Adsorption of Phenol on Inorganic\u2013Organic Pillared Montmorillonite in Polluted Water","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.922502","article-title":"Thin Coated Adsorbent Layer: Characteristics and Performance Study","volume":"55","author":"Azha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2017.07.022","article-title":"Development of Cost Effective Bentonite Adsorbent Coating for the Removal of Organic Pollutant","volume":"149","author":"Hamid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mercurio, M., Sarkar, B., and Langella, A. (2019). Chapter 5\u2014Modified Clay Minerals for Environmental Applications. Modified Clay and Zeolite Nanocomposite Materials, Elsevier. Micro and Nano Technologies."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.078","article-title":"Chitosan Intercalated Bentonite as Natural Adsorbent Matrix for Water-Soluble Sappanwood Dye","volume":"129","author":"Jimtaisong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.08.067","article-title":"Hybrid Porous Magnetic Bentonite-Chitosan Beads for Selective Removal of Radioactive Cesium in Water","volume":"362","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.01.145","article-title":"Adsorption Characteristics of Congo Red onto the Chitosan\/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite","volume":"147","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.08.013","article-title":"Comparative and Competitive Adsorption of Copper, Lead, and Nickel Using Chitosan Immobilized on Bentonite","volume":"83","author":"Futalan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.02.051","article-title":"Adsorptive Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solutions Using Non-Crosslinked and Crosslinked Chitosan-Coated Bentonite Beads","volume":"275","author":"Dalida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.04.043","article-title":"Adsorption of Indium(III) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan-Coated Bentonite Beads","volume":"277","author":"Calagui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1608939","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1608939","article-title":"Competitive Fixed-Bed Adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan-Coated Bentonite","volume":"2016","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E132","DOI":"10.1002\/app.35541","article-title":"The Study of Copper Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Using Crosslinked Chitosan Immobilized on Bentonite","volume":"125","author":"Grisdanurak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9799","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1035676","article-title":"Removal of Copper, Nickel, Lead, and Zinc Using Chitosan-Coated Montmorillonite Beads in Single- and Multi-Metal System","volume":"57","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18739","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1094420","article-title":"Optimization of As(V) Removal Using Chitosan-Coated Bentonite from Groundwater Using Box\u2013Behnken Design: Effects of Adsorbent Mass, Flow Rate, and Initial Concentration","volume":"57","author":"Arida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.996773","article-title":"Adsorption of Dibenzothiophene Sulfone from Fuel Using Chitosan-Coated Bentonite (CCB) as Biosorbent","volume":"57","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45924","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45924","article-title":"Removal of Ammonium-Nitrogen from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan-Coated Bentonite: Mechanism and Effect of Operating Parameters","volume":"135","author":"Futalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.12.052","article-title":"Removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand from Thin-Film Transistor Liquid-Crystal Display Wastewater Using Chitosan-Coated Bentonite: Isotherm, Kinetics and Optimization Studies","volume":"175","author":"Ligaray","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.814","article-title":"Evaluation of Municipal Compost\/Limestone\/Iron Mixtures as Filling Material for Permeable Reactive Barriers for in-Situ Acid Mine Drainage Treatment","volume":"78","author":"Gibert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116667","article-title":"The Mechanism of Acid-Washed Zero-Valent Iron\/Activated Carbon as Permeable Reactive Barrier Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Uranium-Contaminated Soil","volume":"244","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.12.065","article-title":"Enhanced Electrokinetic (E\/K) Remediation on Copper Contaminated Soil by CFW (Carbonized Foods Waste)","volume":"177","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.08.011","article-title":"Removal of Fluoride from Water by Using Granular Red Mud: Batch and Column Studies","volume":"164","author":"Tor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.06.014","article-title":"Removal of Nickel(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Crab Shell Particles in a Packed Bed up-Flow Column","volume":"113","author":"Vijayaraghavan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1948.tb35248.x","article-title":"Chromatography; a Problem in Kinetics","volume":"49","author":"Thomas","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.12.003","article-title":"Biosorption of Lead from Aqueous Solution by Ficus Religiosa Leaves: Batch and Column Study","volume":"166","author":"Qaiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-019-0927-7","article-title":"Fixed-Bed Column Adsorption Study: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1021\/es00160a008","article-title":"Evaluating the Cost and Performance of Field-Scale Granular Activated Carbon Systems","volume":"21","author":"Clark","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.03.009","article-title":"Batch and Column Adsorption and Desorption of Fluoride Using Hydrous Ferric Oxide: Solution Chemistry and Modeling","volume":"247","author":"Nur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Yoon, Y.H., and Nelson, J.H. (2010). Breakthrough Time and Adsorption Capacity of Respirator Cartridges. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115232","article-title":"A New Look towards the Thermal Decomposition of Chitins and Chitosans with Different Degrees of Deacetylation by Coupled TG-FTIR","volume":"225","author":"Barbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(99)00039-6","article-title":"FTIR Spectroscopic Characterization of Thermally Treated Cu2+, Cd2+, and Li+ Montmorillonites","volume":"55","author":"Komadel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2010.11.017","article-title":"In-Situ FTIR Analyses of Bentonite under High-Pressure","volume":"51","author":"Alabarse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112649","article-title":"Geochemical Stability of Zero-Valent Iron Modified Raw Wheat Straw Innovatively Applicated to in Situ Permeable Reactive Barrier: N2 Selectivity and Long-Term Denitrification","volume":"224","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2005.07.035","article-title":"Experimental and Modelling Studies on Fixed Bed Adsorption of As(III) Ions from Aqueous Solution","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.03.032","article-title":"Removal of Lead (II) Ions from Synthetic and Real Effluents Using Immobilized Pinus Sylvestris Sawdust: Adsorption on a Fixed-Bed Column","volume":"123","author":"Fauduet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(03)00132-8","article-title":"Biosorption of Phenol by Immobilized Activated Sludge in a Continuous Packed Bed: Prediction of Breakthrough Curves","volume":"39","author":"Aksu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123645","article-title":"Effective Defluoridation of Industrial Wastewater by Using Acid Modified Alumina in Fixed-Bed Adsorption Column: Experimental and Breakthrough Curves Analysis","volume":"279","author":"Kumari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106301","article-title":"Functionalization of Walnut Shell by Grafting Amine Groups to Enhance the Adsorption of Congo Red from Water in Batch and Fixed-Bed Column Modes","volume":"9","author":"Dovi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.07.031","article-title":"Biosorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Rice Husk in a Fixed-Bed Column","volume":"141","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2015.1047680","article-title":"Competitive Adsorption and Selectivity Sequence of Heavy Metals by Chicken Bone-Derived Biochar: Batch and Column Experiment","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Environ. Sci. Health A Tox Hazard Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.09.003","article-title":"Comparison of Monometal and Multimetal Adsorption in Mississippi River Alluvial Wetland Sediment: Batch and Column Experiments","volume":"73","author":"Seo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2014.03.019","article-title":"Continuous Fixed-Bed Column Study and Adsorption Modeling: Removal of Cadmium (II) and Lead (II) Ions in Aqueous Solution by Dead Calcareous Skeletons","volume":"87","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06845-w","article-title":"Enhanced Interlayer Trapping of Pb(II) Ions within Kaolinite Layers: Intercalation, Characterization, and Sorption Studies","volume":"27","author":"Maged","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.10.009","article-title":"Simultaneous Removal of Pb and MTBE by Mixed Zeolites in Fixed-Bed Column Tests","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Zhang, J., Liu, J., Luo, T., and Xi, Y. (2021). Investigation of the Transport Characteristics of Pb(II) in Sand-Bone Char Columns. Sci. Prog., 104.","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504211023665"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/5\/2597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:25:38Z","timestamp":1760135138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/5\/2597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19052597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19052597","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]}}}