{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:19:20Z","timestamp":1792189160891,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) is a common opportunistic infection among people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study\u2019s objective was to assess temporal trends in PCP epidemiology among hospitalized patients with HIV\/AIDS in the US and to compare data for hospitalizations with HIV with PCP to those without PCP. Methods: The national inpatient sample (NIS) data were analyzed from 2002\u20132014. The discharge coding identified hospitalized patients with HIV or AIDS and with or without PCP. Results: We identified 3,011,725 hospitalizations with HIV\/AIDS during the study period; PCP was present in 5% of the patients with a diagnosis of HIV. The rates of PCP progressively declined from 6.7% in 2002 to 3.5 % in 2014 (p &lt; 0.001). Overall mortality in patients with HIV was 3.3% and was significantly higher in those with PCP than without PCP (9.9% vs. 2.9%; p &lt; 0.001). After adjusting for demographics and other comorbidities, PCP had higher odds of hospital mortality 3.082 (OR 3.082; 95% CI, 3.007 to 3.159; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: From 2002 to 2014, the rate of PCP in HIV patients has decreased significantly in the United States but is associated with substantially higher mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:47:17Z","timestamp":1645994837000},"page":"2768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Trends in the Epidemiology and Outcomes of Pneumocystis Pneumonia among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Hospitalizations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1562-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalaimani","family":"Elango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Nevada, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayuri","family":"Mudgal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Wakefield Campus, 600 E 233rd Street Bronx, New York, NY 10466, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swetha","family":"Murthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Yuma Regional Medical Center, 2400 S Avenue A, Yuma, AZ 85364, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7495-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashanth Reddy","family":"Yella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yuma Regional Medical Center, 2400 S Avenue A, Yuma, AZ 85364, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savan","family":"Nagrecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Yuma Regional Medical Center, 2400 S Avenue A, Yuma, AZ 85364, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedhapriya","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Suny Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY 11203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijaykumar","family":"Sekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Lehigh Valley Health Center, 1243 S Cedar Crest Blvd, Allentown, PA 18103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Koshy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital, 267 Grant Street, Bridgeport, CT 06610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathishkumar","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lovelace Medical Center, 601 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2872-1630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kulothungan","family":"Gunasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, Yuma Regional Medical Center, 2400 S Avenue A, Yuma, AZ 85364, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2022, February 12). 90-90-90: Treatment for All. 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