{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T12:57:09Z","timestamp":1782997029476,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of pharmacy - University of montreal","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: We aimed to measure the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal mental health, stratifying on pregnancy status, trimester of gestation, and pandemic period\/wave. Methods: Pregnant persons and persons who delivered in Canada during the pandemic, &gt;18 years, were recruited, and data were collected using a web-based strategy. The current analysis includes data on persons enrolled between 06\/2020\u201308\/2021. Maternal sociodemographic indicators, mental health measures (Edinburgh Perinatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD-7), stress) were self-reported. Maternal mental health in pregnant women (stratified by trimester, and pandemic period\/wave at recruitment) was compared with the mental health of women who had delivered; determinants of severe depression were identified with multivariate logistic regression models. Results: 2574 persons were pregnant and 626 had already delivered at recruitment. Participants who had delivered had significantly higher mean depressive symptom scores compared to those pregnant at recruitment (9.1 (SD, 5.7) vs. 8.4 (SD, 5.3), p = 0.009). Maternal anxiety (aOR 1.51; 95%CI 1.44\u20131.59) and stress (aOR 1.35; 95%CI 1.24\u20131.48) were the most significant predictors of severe maternal depression (EDPS \u02c3 13) in pregnancy. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on maternal depression during pregnancy and in the post-partum period. Given that gestational depression\/anxiety\/stress has been associated with preterm birth and childhood cognitive problems, it is essential to continue following women\/children, and develop strategies to reduce COVID-19\u2032s longer-term impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T08:37:16Z","timestamp":1646210236000},"page":"2926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The COVID-19 Pandemic Impacted Maternal Mental Health Differently Depending on Pregnancy Status and Trimester of Gestation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7535-5517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anick","family":"B\u00e9rard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Gorgui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanina","family":"Tchuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3992-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Lacasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Abitibi-T\u00e9miscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yessica-Haydee","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvana","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3055-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flory","family":"Muanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"},{"name":"ICES Western, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Mufike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Protestant University in Congo, Kinshasa II, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Boucoiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Monique","family":"Nuyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Quach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ema","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Pharmacy Department, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padma","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, 4-120 Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL T6G 2R7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandace","family":"Winquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatcheawan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3935-1014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kieran J.","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Department of OB\/GYN and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"},{"name":"Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0520-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif","family":"Eltonsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Chateau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba Center for Health Policy, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Ping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Oberlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of BC, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behrouz","family":"Kassai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, UMR 5558 CNRS, Clinical Investigation Centre, Inserm-Hospices Civils de Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, 69000 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4564-2931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Mainbourg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasha","family":"Bernatsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Clinical Epidemiology and Rheumatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, 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Montreal, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Zaphiratos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, CIUSSS de l\u2019Est de l\u2019Ile de Montreal, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.111","article-title":"A Meta-analysis of Depression During Pregnancy and the Risk of Preterm Birth, Low Birth Weight, and Intrauterine Growth Restriction","volume":"67","author":"Grote","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. 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