{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:17:13Z","timestamp":1790612233408,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optic neuropathies constitute a group of conditions with various etiologies and might be caused by different factors; we can distinguish the genetic and acquired causes of optic neuropathies. Even though the symptoms are not highly specific, this condition is primarily characterized by unilateral or bilateral vision loss with worsening color detection. The loss may be acute or gradual depending on the causation. In this article, we included a specification of toxic optic neuropathy (TON) mainly triggered by alcohol abuse and also the usage of other substances, including drugs or methanol, as well as intoxication by metals, organic solvents, or carbon dioxide. Nutritional deficiencies, vitamin absorption disorder, and anemia, which usually appear during excessive alcohol intake, and their effect on the etiology of the optic neuropathy have been likewise discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19053092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:38:16Z","timestamp":1646599096000},"page":"3092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Toxic and Nutritional Optic Neuropathies\u2014An Updated Mini-Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Baj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8714-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Forma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2588-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kobak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Tyczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iga","family":"Dudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3687-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Maani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4184-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Teresi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7637-6387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Buszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Januszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6881-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Flieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2017.78.375","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"78","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.02.001","article-title":"Alcohol and CV Health: Jekyll and Hyde J-Curves","volume":"61","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60834-3","article-title":"Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): A case-control study","volume":"376","author":"Xavier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0225-3","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and dementia risk: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2011.10.011","article-title":"Moderate ethanol ingestion and cardiovascular protection: From epidemiologic associations to cellular mechanisms","volume":"52","author":"Krenz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9083-4","article-title":"Anthocyanins: Are they beneficial in treating ethanol neurotoxicity?","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patra, J., Taylor, B., Irving, H., Roerecke, M., Baliunas, D., Mohapatra, S., and Rehm, J. (2010). Alcohol consumption and the risk of morbidity and mortality for different stroke types\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-258"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2010.00468.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease: Interactions between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2011.01.010","article-title":"A review of the relationship between alcohol and oral cancer","volume":"9","author":"Reidy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-492-0_9","article-title":"Contribution of alcohol and tobacco use in gastrointestinal cancer development","volume":"472","author":"Seitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01147.x","article-title":"Ethanol enhances the interaction of breast cancer cells over-expressing ErbB2 with fibronectin","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds337","article-title":"Light alcohol drinking and cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Bagnardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"135","article-title":"The risks associated with alcohol use and alcoholism","volume":"34","author":"Rehm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol. Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"709","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of excessive alcohol consumption","volume":"40","author":"Morillas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ezzati, M., Lopez, A.D., Rodgers, A., and Murray, C.J.L. (2004). Alcohol use, Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02899.x","article-title":"The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: An overview","volume":"105","author":"Rehm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000340","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"114","author":"Roerecke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.06.054","article-title":"Relationship of alcohol consumption to all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-related mortality in U.S. adults","volume":"70","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.579","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: A comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"112","author":"Bagnardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, November 16). Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. World Health Orhanization 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/global-status-report-on-alcohol-and-health-2018."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21946","article-title":"Alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy: Nutritional, toxic, or both?","volume":"43","author":"Mellion","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1233-3","article-title":"Human alcohol-related neuropathology","volume":"127","author":"Kril","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7041540","article-title":"Ethanol and cognition: Indirect effects, neurotoxicity and neuroprotection: A review","volume":"7","author":"Brust","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grochowski, C., Blicharska, E., Baj, J., Mierzwi\u0144ska, A., Brzozowska, K., Forma, A., and Maciejewski, R. (2019). Serum iron, Magnesium, Copper, and Manganese Levels in Alcoholism: A Systematic Review. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071361"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.02.018","article-title":"Wernicke Encephalopathy-Clinical Pearls","volume":"94","author":"Sinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2018.03.011","article-title":"Beyond Thiamine: Treatment for Cognitive Impairment in Korsakoff\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.04111.x","article-title":"Alcoholic neuropathy: Possible mechanisms and future treatment possibilities","volume":"73","author":"Chopra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"727","article-title":"Approach to a case of autonomic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"54","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grochowski, C., Blicharska, E., Bogucki, J., Proch, J., Mierzwi\u0144ska, A., Baj, J., Litak, J., Podkowi\u0144ski, A., Flieger, J., and Teresi\u0144ski, G. (2019). Increased Aluminum Content in Certain Brain Structures is Correlated with Higher Silicon Concentration in Alcoholic Use Disorder. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24091721"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ansari, F.H., and Juergens, A.L. (2021, August 15). Saturday Night Palsy, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557520\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13008","article-title":"Alcohol Toxicity in Diabetes and Its Complications: A Double Trouble?","volume":"40","author":"Munukutla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9123-1","article-title":"Alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"266","author":"Julian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10181","article-title":"Small-fiber neuropathy","volume":"26","author":"Lacomis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12470","article-title":"Small-fiber degeneration in alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy","volume":"38","author":"Mellion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-019-00618-8","article-title":"Alcohol-induced autonomic dysfunction: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Julian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.09.024","article-title":"Is there a relationship between somatic and autonomic neuropathies in chronic alcoholics?","volume":"228","author":"Nicolosi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Sadowski, A., and Houck, R.C. (2021). Alcoholic Neuropathy. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.04.009","article-title":"Association of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 polymorphism with alcoholic polyneuropathy in humans","volume":"363","author":"Masaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.06.001","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"42","author":"Vinik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.09.010","article-title":"Chronic Neurologic Effects of Alcohol","volume":"23","author":"Hammoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02743.x","article-title":"Aspects of peripheral nerve involvement in patients with treated hypothyroidism","volume":"17","author":"Nebuchennykh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004136","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in HIV-infected and uninfected patients in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"89","author":"Saylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i8.2269","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and neurological and psychiatric disorders: An overview","volume":"21","author":"Adinolfi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2000.00019.x","article-title":"Polyneuropathy in late Lyme borreliosis\u2014A clinical, neurophysiological and morphological description","volume":"101","author":"Kindstrand","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000475","article-title":"Paraneoplastic neuropathies","volume":"30","author":"Antoine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13562","article-title":"Liver fibrosis is independently associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1688994","article-title":"Neuropathy Associated with Systemic Amyloidosis","volume":"39","author":"Kaku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.933.391","article-title":"Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity","volume":"79","author":"Ratnaike","year":"2003","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2018.09.009","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus pesticides and possible association with neurodegenerative diseases in man: A review","volume":"410","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.033","article-title":"Clinical relevance of metronidazole and peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"51","author":"Goolsby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Badrinath, M., and John, S. (2021, August 15). Isoniazid Toxicity, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK531488\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.121","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis","volume":"10","author":"Walgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000474","article-title":"New developments in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy and related diseases","volume":"30","author":"Pareyson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12515","article-title":"Toxic optic neuropathies: An updated review","volume":"93","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-003-0024-y","article-title":"Toxic optic neuropathy","volume":"3","author":"Kesler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Margolin, E., and Shemesh, A. (2021, August 16). Toxic and Nutritional Optic Neuropathy, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK499979\/."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2017.02.016","article-title":"Nutritional optic neuropathy instead of tobacco-alcohol amblyopia","volume":"52","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"472","article-title":"Tobacco-alcohol optic neuropathy--clinical challenges in diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Chiotoroiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp158","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy","volume":"132","author":"Kirkman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-019-0542-9","article-title":"Treatment and Outcomes in Nutritional Optic Neuropathy","volume":"21","author":"Jefferis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00099-0","article-title":"Extensive investigation of a large Brazilian pedigree of 11778\/haplogroup J Leber hereditary optic neuropathy","volume":"136","author":"Sadun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"65","article-title":"Blood thiamine, zinc, selenium, lead and oxidative stress in a population of male and female alcoholics: Clinical evidence and gender differences","volume":"49","author":"Mancinelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baj, J., Flieger, W., Teresi\u0144ski, G., Buszewicz, G., Sitarz, E., Forma, A., Karaku\u0142a, K., and Maciejewski, R. (2020). Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Phosphorus, Selenium, Zinc, and Chromium Levels in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Review. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061901"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s40139-020-00214-w","article-title":"Alcohol-Induced Neuropathy in Chronic Alcoholism: Causes, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options","volume":"8","author":"Dudek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pathobiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524013363870","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of thiamine utilization","volume":"1","author":"Singleton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madaan, P., Behl, T., Sehgal, A., Singh, S., Sharma, N., Yadav, S., Kaur, S., Bhatia, S., Al-Harrasi, A., and Abdellatif, A.A.H. (2022). Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Purinergic and Orexinergic Receptors in Alcoholic Neuropathy. Neurotox. Res., Epub ahead of printing.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-022-00477-8"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agz067","article-title":"From Pleasure to Pain, and Back Again: The Intricate Relationship Between Alcohol and Nociception","volume":"54","author":"Robins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/36.3.271","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in chronic alcoholism: A retrospective cross-sectional study in 76 subjects","volume":"36","author":"Ammendola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.10.062","article-title":"Involvement of microglia in the ethanol-induced neuropathic pain-like state in the rat","volume":"414","author":"Narita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8614","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08614.2000","article-title":"Key role for the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C in painful alcoholic neuropathy in the rat","volume":"20","author":"Dina","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.11.053","article-title":"The severity of alcohol-induced painful peripheral neuropathy in female rats: Role of estrogen and protein kinase (A and C epsilon)","volume":"145","author":"Dina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2006.00018.x","article-title":"Cortisol concentrations, stress-coping styles after withdrawal, and long-term abstinence in alcohol dependence","volume":"11","author":"Walter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615295","article-title":"Toxic Alcohols","volume":"378","author":"Kraut","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-017-0197-5","article-title":"Estimations of the lethal and exposure doses for representative methanol symptoms in humans","volume":"29","author":"Moon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2012.07.002","article-title":"Methanol and ethylene glycol intoxication","volume":"28","author":"Kruse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(01)00129-2","article-title":"Ross-Cisneros FN, Sadun AA. Optic nerve degeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction: Genetic and acquired optic neuropathies","volume":"40","author":"Carelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000614","article-title":"Erythropoietin in Treatment of Methanol Optic Neuropathy","volume":"38","author":"Pakdel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1198800","article-title":"Erythropoietin as an adjunctive treatment for methanol-induced toxic optic neuropathy","volume":"42","author":"Pakravan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450100149021","article-title":"Methyl alcohol poisoning. II. Development of a model for ocular toxicity in methyl alcohol poisoning using the rhesus monkey","volume":"95","author":"Tephly","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03202-0","article-title":"Methanol-induced optic neuropathy: A still-present problem","volume":"96","author":"Liberski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563213506697","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning","volume":"51","author":"McQuade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650600588460","article-title":"The role of calcium oxalate crystal deposition in cerebral vessels during ethylene glycol poisoning","volume":"44","author":"Froberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.)"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.10.034","article-title":"Ethylene glycol poisoning: Quintessential clinical toxicology; analytical conundrum","volume":"413","author":"Porter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1116044","article-title":"Management of poisoning with ethylene glycol and methanol in the UK: A prospective study conducted by the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS)","volume":"54","author":"Thanacoody","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.)"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.495347","article-title":"Fomepizole for the treatment of pediatric ethylene and diethylene glycol, butoxyethanol, and methanol poisonings","volume":"48","author":"Brent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.)"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"73","article-title":"Ethylene glycol or methanol intoxication: Which antidote should be used, fomepizole or ethanol?","volume":"72","author":"Rietjens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct0806112","article-title":"Fomepizole for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning","volume":"360","author":"Brent","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.556642","article-title":"Outcomes of visual disturbances after methanol poisoning","volume":"49","author":"Zamani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.)"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1086488","article-title":"Long-term visual damage after acute methanol poisonings: Longitudinal cross-sectional study in 50 patients","volume":"53","author":"Zakharov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.)"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002482","article-title":"Antioxidative effects of erythropoietin","volume":"72","author":"Katavetin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000173406.04891.8c","article-title":"Neonatal hypoxia\/ischemia is associated with decreased inflammatory mediators after erythropoietin administration","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.01.017","article-title":"Erythropoietin is both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative following optic nerve transection","volume":"205","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.07.032","article-title":"Diethylene glycol poisoning from transcutaneous absorption","volume":"65","author":"DeVoti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000062","article-title":"Neurological manifestation of recreational fatal and near-fatal diethylene glycol poisonings: Case series and review of literature","volume":"93","author":"Imam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.532803","article-title":"Delayed neurological sequelae from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and methanol poisonings","volume":"48","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.)"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650903086444","article-title":"Diethylene glycol poisoning","volume":"47","author":"Schep","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.)"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659609028009","article-title":"Diethylene glycol toxicity revisited: The 1996 Haitian epidemic","volume":"34","author":"Scalzo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hallazgospatol\u00f3gicosen la intoxicaci\u00f3n por dietilenglicol [Pathologic findings in diethylene glycol poisoning]","volume":"54","author":"Drut","year":"1994","journal-title":"Medicina (B Aires)"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq167","article-title":"Inhibition of metabolism of diethylene glycol prevents target organ toxicity in rats","volume":"117","author":"Besenhofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327111414280","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of cobalt","volume":"31","author":"Catalani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100606","article-title":"Cobalt toxic optic neuropathy and retinopathy: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2012.09.006","article-title":"High doses of cobalt induce optic and auditory neuropathy","volume":"65","author":"Apostoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3109\/01658107.2010.518334","article-title":"Optic Neuropathy from Cobalt Toxicity in a Patient who Ingested Cattle Magnets","volume":"35","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-012-9852-0","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine protects against hypoxia mimetic-induced autophagy by targeting the HIF-1\u03b1 pathway in retinal ganglion cells","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1968.00980050723008","article-title":"Optic neuropathy due to lead poisoning. Report of a case","volume":"80","author":"Baghdassarian","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"513","article-title":"Bilateral Optic Disc Edema in a Patient with Lead Poisoning","volume":"14","author":"Zand","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic. Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"188","article-title":"Acute lead encephalopathy with optic neuropathy","volume":"42","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2013.877934","article-title":"Occupational exposure to lead decreases macular, choroidal, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in industrial battery workers","volume":"39","author":"Ekinci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327109106487","article-title":"Two-year follow-up of two patients after severe thallium intoxication","volume":"28","author":"Urban","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460508","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/460508","article-title":"Mercury toxicity and treatment: A review of the literature","volume":"2012","author":"Bernhoft","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02021115","article-title":"Neurological syndromes produced by some toxic metals encountered industrially or environmentally","volume":"17","author":"Bahiga","year":"1978","journal-title":"Z. Ernahr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(95)03317-3","article-title":"Colour vision loss in workers exposed to elemental mercury vapour","volume":"77","author":"Cavalleri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1997.3814","article-title":"Reversible color vision loss in occupational exposure to metallic mercury","volume":"77","author":"Cavalleri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2007000300017","article-title":"Long-term loss of color vision after exposure to mercury vapor","volume":"40","author":"Costa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3129\/i07-111","article-title":"Mercury exposure and its implications for visual health","volume":"42","author":"Collins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flieger, J., Dolar-Szczasny, J., Rejdak, R., Majerek, D., Tatarczak-Michalewska, M., Proch, J., Blicharska, E., Flieger, W., Baj, J., and Niedzielski, P. (2021). The Multi-Elemental Composition of the Aqueous Humor of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery, Suffering from Coexisting Diabetes, Hypertension, or Diabetic Retinopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179413"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.1957","article-title":"Optic Nerve Atrophy and Hair Loss in a Young Man","volume":"133","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190701757843","article-title":"Optical neuropathy possibly related to arsenic during acute promyelocytic leukemia treatment","volume":"49","author":"Thery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000961","article-title":"Clinicopathological Correlates: Chronic Arsenic Toxicity Causing Bilateral Symmetric Progressive Optic Neuropathy","volume":"40","author":"Freund","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70881-5","article-title":"Gallium nitrate optic neuropathy","volume":"124","author":"Csaky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200831020-00003","article-title":"Drug-induced ocular disorders","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155219886640","article-title":"Optic neuritis induced by 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Raina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S277760","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmic Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001148","article-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmic Complications in Patients Treated With CTLA-4 and PD-1\/PD-L1 Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000416","article-title":"Ethambutol optic neuropathy","volume":"28","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5889","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005889","article-title":"The rare ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy: A case-report and literature review","volume":"96","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1998.209","article-title":"Carbon monoxide poisoning causes optic neuropathy","volume":"12","author":"Simmons","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(03)00037-8","article-title":"Color vision impairment in workers exposed to neurotoxic chemicals","volume":"24","author":"Gobba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00976-5","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolism and DNA methylation: A review of the interaction between two genomes","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22766","article-title":"Occupational styrene exposure and acquired dyschromatopsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2016.09.003","article-title":"A Review of Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathies: From Inherited to Acquired Forms","volume":"10","author":"Pilz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ocular toxicity with ethambutol therapy: Timely recaution","volume":"32","author":"Koul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung India Off. Organ Indian Chest Soc."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.5.696","article-title":"Optic neuropathy in patients using amiodarone","volume":"124","author":"Purvin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"233","article-title":"Clinical approach to optic neuropathies","volume":"1","author":"Behbehani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roda, M., Di Geronimo, N., Pellegrini, M., and Schiavi, C. (2020). Nutritional Optic Neuropathies: State of the Art and Emerging Evidences. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092653"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12959","article-title":"British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disorders","volume":"166","author":"Devalia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"384","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Recognition and Management","volume":"96","author":"Langan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g5226","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5226","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency","volume":"349","author":"Hunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000333","article-title":"Nutritional Optic Neuropathy Caused by Copper Deficiency After Bariatric Surgery","volume":"36","author":"Rapoport","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.70","article-title":"Acute and bilateral blindness due to optic neuropathy associated with copper deficiency","volume":"66","author":"Naismith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70104-7","article-title":"Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy: New clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management","volume":"6","author":"Sechi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2017.1373121","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of erythropoietin\u2009+\u2009corticosteroid versus corticosteroid alone in methanol-induced optic nerve neuropathy","volume":"37","author":"Zamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.06.002","article-title":"Use of erythropoietin in ophthalmology: A review","volume":"67","author":"Feizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0553-z","article-title":"Intravitreal erythropoietin injection in late-stage optic neuropathy: A safety study on human","volume":"38","author":"Acar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e31818f138f","article-title":"Ethambutol optic neuropathy: How we can prevent 100,000 new cases of blindness each year","volume":"28","author":"Sadun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.5.5.615","article-title":"Update on ethambutol optic neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Fraunfelder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2018.06.013","article-title":"Ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy in renal disorder: A clinico-electrophysiological study","volume":"54","author":"Kanaujia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000445","article-title":"Re-Treatment With Ethambutol After Toxic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"37","author":"Bouffard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e31818e3c6b","article-title":"Incidence and clinical features of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy in Korea","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"56","article-title":"Ocular toxicity of ethambutol","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001552","article-title":"Case Report: Long-term Structural and Functional Effects of Ethambutol Optic Neuropathy","volume":"97","author":"Addy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/5\/3092\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:32:54Z","timestamp":1760135574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/5\/3092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19053092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19053092","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]}}}