{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:49:45Z","timestamp":1790768985143,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Overview: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has emerged as a severely debilitating psychiatric disorder associated with critical illness. Little progress has been made in the treatment of post-intensive care unit (ICU) PTSD. Aim: To synthesize neurobiological evidence on the pathophysiology of PTSD and the brain areas involved, and to highlight the potential of music to treat post-ICU PTSD. Methods: Critical narrative review to elucidate an evidence-based neurobiological framework to inform the study of music interventions for PTSD post-ICU. Literature searches were performed in PubMed and CINAHL. The Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) guided reporting. Results: A dysfunctional HPA axis feedback loop, an increased amygdalic response, hippocampal atrophy, and a hypoactive prefrontal cortex contribute to PTSD symptoms. Playing or listening to music can stimulate neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, enhance brain recovery, and normalize stress response. Additionally, evidence supports effectiveness of music to improve coping and emotional regulation, decrease dissociation symptoms, reduce depression and anxiety levels, and overall reduce severity of PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: Despite the lack of music interventions for ICU survivors, music has the potential to help people suffering from PTSD by decreasing amygdala activity, improving hippocampal and prefrontal brain function, and balancing the HPA-axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19053113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:38:16Z","timestamp":1646599096000},"page":"3113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["A Neurobiological Framework for the Therapeutic Potential of Music and Sound Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Critical Illness Survivors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Usha","family":"Pant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), University of Alberta, 11405-87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Frishkopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Music, Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta, 3-98 Fine Arts Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2C9, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Walter C. MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology (CCE), University of Alberta, 11204-89 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), University of Alberta, 11405-87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6793-9333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen M.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), University of Alberta, 11405-87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Walter C. MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, ECHA 4-081, 11405-87 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Health and Stroke Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services Corporate Office Seventh Street Plaza 14th Floor, North Tower 10030-107 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T5J 3E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Papathanassoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), University of Alberta, 11405-87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"},{"name":"Neurosciences Rehabilitation & Vision Strategic Clinical Network<sup>TM<\/sup>, Alberta Health Services Corporate Office Seventh Street Plaza 14th Floor, North Tower 10030-107 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T5J 3E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003218","article-title":"Co-Occurrence of Post-Intensive Care Syndrome Problems Among 406 Survivors of Critical Illness","volume":"46","author":"Annachiara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181fd66e5","article-title":"Long-term complications of critical care","volume":"39","author":"Desai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318232da75","article-title":"Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: Report from a stakeholders\u2019 conference","volume":"40","author":"Needham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000882","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in critical illness survivors: A metaanalysis","volume":"43","author":"Parker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000936","article-title":"Stress disorders following prolonged critical illness in survivors of severe sepsis","volume":"43","author":"Wintermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2489-3","article-title":"Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adult critical care survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Righy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.006","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in general intensive care unit survivors: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Davydow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0730-z","article-title":"The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of ICU treatment: A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Griffiths","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5707","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: Assessing the magnitude of the problem","volume":"11","author":"Jackson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001811","article-title":"Depressive symptoms after critical illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Rabiee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"944","article-title":"Identifying clinical and acute psychological risk factors for PTSD after critical care: A systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Wade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03535-3","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after critical illness: Recent insights","volume":"25","author":"Rousseau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.19.13526-2","article-title":"Music therapy reduces stress and anxiety in critically ill patients: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"85","author":"Umbrello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"465","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions to reduce ICU-related psychological distress: A systematic review","volume":"82","author":"Wade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70051-7","article-title":"Bringing to light the Risk Factors and Incidence of Neuropsychological dysfunction in ICU survivors (BRAIN-ICU) study investigators Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and functional disability in survivors of critical illness in the BRAIN-ICU study: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31816aa0dd","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"70","author":"Davydow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R28","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5708","article-title":"Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: A prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Girard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12553","article-title":"The effects of environmental stressors in intensive care unit on anxiety and depression","volume":"27","author":"Gezginci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurs. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"5","article-title":"Evaluation of stressors in intensive care units","volume":"34","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000073","article-title":"Is the intensive care unit traumatic? What we know and don\u2019t know about the intensive care unit and posttraumatic stress responses","volume":"61","author":"McGiffin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12465","article-title":"The relationship between stressors and intensive care unit experiences","volume":"25","author":"Zengin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurs. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.11.005","article-title":"Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors for Long-Term Cognitive Impairment After Critical Illness: A Systematic Review","volume":"93","author":"Amra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2019.10.004","article-title":"Risk factors for post-intensive care syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1179\/2047480615Z.000000000329","article-title":"Writing narrative style literature reviews","volume":"24","author":"Ferrari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Writ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9387-3","article-title":"Different neural modifications underpin PTSD after different traumatic events: An fMRI meta-analytic study","volume":"10","author":"Boccia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"95","article-title":"Learning, memory, and brain plasticity in posttraumatic stress disorder: Context matters","volume":"32","author":"Flor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.10.010","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in PTSD: Pathophysiology and treatment interventions","volume":"89","author":"Dunlop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150015","article-title":"Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Stress Response","volume":"6","author":"Herman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.12.003","article-title":"Glucocorticoid actions on synapses, circuits, and behavior: Implications for the energetics of stress","volume":"35","author":"Myers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Chu, B., Marwaha, K., Sanvictores, T., and Ayers, D. (2021, November 13). Physiology, Stress Reaction, StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK541120\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(01)00092-8","article-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinological contributions to the etiology of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and stress-related bodily disorders: The role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"57","author":"Ehlert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22484","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Associations Between Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Genes and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"33","author":"Sheerin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Nickel, T. (2021, November 13). Trauma: HPA Axis [Video]. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=otLHMbNyUx0."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/jsherin","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: The neurobiological impact of psychological trauma","volume":"13","author":"Sherin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021, November 13). Stress and the Brain. Available online: https:\/\/turnaroundusa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Stress-and-the-Brain_Turnaround-for-Children-032420.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541870","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/541870","article-title":"Adult neuroplasticity: More than 40 years of research","volume":"2014","author":"Fuchs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07030504","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia","volume":"164","author":"Etkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2648","article-title":"Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function","volume":"10","author":"Arnsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.190","article-title":"Stress and glucocorticoids promote oligodendrogenesis in the adult hippocampus","volume":"19","author":"Chetty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"501","article-title":"Using MR to View PTSD\u2019s Effect on the Amygdala and Hippocampus","volume":"89","author":"Coburn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNerney, M.W., Sheng, T., Nechvatal, J.M., Lee, A.G., Lyons, D.M., Soman, S., Liao, C.P., O\u2019Hara, R., Hallmayer, J., and Taylor, J. (2018). Integration of neural and epigenetic contributions to posttraumatic stress symptoms: The role of hippocampal volume and glucocorticoid receptor gene methylation. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192222"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.037291.114","article-title":"Stress effects on the hippocampus: A critical review","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Learn. Mem. (Cold Spring Harb. N.Y.)"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01322-8","article-title":"Stress: Metaplastic effects in the hippocampus","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.104323","article-title":"Hippocampus in health and disease: An overview","volume":"15","author":"Anand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100346","article-title":"Variations in response to trauma and hippocampal subfield changes","volume":"15","author":"Postel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20156","article-title":"Hippocampal neurogenesis: Opposing effects of stress and antidepressant treatment","volume":"16","author":"Duman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1038\/nn958","article-title":"Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma","volume":"5","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.12.023","article-title":"Configural cue performance in identical twins discordant for posttraumatic stress disorder: Theoretical implications for the role of hippocampal function","volume":"62","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20102","article-title":"Bilateral hippocampal volume reduction in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of structural MRI studies","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715000707","article-title":"Smaller hippocampal volume as a vulnerability factor for the persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"45","author":"Kennis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.205","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampal subfields in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.01.008","article-title":"Stress, stress hormones, and adult neurogenesis","volume":"233","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51533-x","article-title":"Elevated perceived threat is associated with reduced hippocampal volume in combat veterans","volume":"9","author":"Grupe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"3","article-title":"The long-term costs of traumatic stress: Intertwined physical and psychological consequences","volume":"9","author":"McFarlane","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Psychiatry Off. J. World Psychiatr. Assoc. (WPA)"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAuley, M.T., Kenny, R.A., Kirkwood, T.B., Wilkinson, D.J., Jones, J.J., and Miller, V.M. (2009). A mathematical model of aging-related and cortisol induced hippocampal dysfunction. BMC Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-26"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470547019850166","DOI":"10.1177\/2470547019850166","article-title":"Frontal Lobe Circuitry in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"3","author":"Selemon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronic Stress"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.05.031","article-title":"Disrupted amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity in civilian women with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"47","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1952","article-title":"Altered functional connectivity of the amygdala and its subregions in typhoon-related post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.029","article-title":"Neural circuitry underlying the regulation of conditioned fear and its relation to extinction","volume":"59","author":"Delgado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8877","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2063-07.2007","article-title":"Failure to regulate: Counterproductive recruitment of top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in major depression","volume":"27","author":"Johnstone","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3215-05.2006","article-title":"Amygdala, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults","volume":"26","author":"Urry","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, K., Zhang, Y., Qiu, M., Zhang, J., Sang, L., Wang, L., Xie, B., Wang, J., and Li, M. (2013). Negative emotion regulation in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081957"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(03)00093-3","article-title":"Hypoactivation of the prefrontal cortex during verbal fluency test in PTSD: A near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"124","author":"Matsuo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay8477","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay8477","article-title":"Resilience after trauma: The role of memory suppression","volume":"367","author":"Mary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Bruscia, K.E. (1998). Defining Music Therapy, Barcelona Publishers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Canadian Association of Music Therapists (2021, November 13). About Music Therapy. Available online: https:\/\/www.musictherapy.ca\/about-camt-music-therapy\/about-music-therapy\/."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Grocke, D.E., and Wigram, T. (2007). Receptive Methods in Music Therapy: Techniques and Clinical Applications for Music Therapy Clinicians, Educators, and Students, Jessica Kingsley Publishers."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"e13","article-title":"The effects of music relaxation and muscle relaxation techniques on sleep quality and emotional measures among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"4","author":"Blanaru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ment. Illn."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"595","article-title":"The use of Music Therapy in the treatment of Mental Illness and the enhancement of Societal Wellbeing","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"983","article-title":"Music intervention on cognitive dysfunction in healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci. Off. J. Ital. Neurol. Soc. Ital. Soc. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649840","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.649840","article-title":"The Use of Music in the Treatment and Management of Serious Mental Illness: A Global Scoping Review of the Literature","volume":"12","author":"Golden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"CD003477","article-title":"Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia","volume":"5","author":"Bruinsma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"CD006787","article-title":"Music interventions for acquired brain injury","volume":"1","author":"Magee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"CD004381","article-title":"Music therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Geretsegger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"CD004025","article-title":"Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders","volume":"5","author":"Geretsegger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732320944142","article-title":"How Participatory Music Engagement Supports Mental Well-being: A Meta-Ethnography","volume":"30","author":"Perkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2019.1627897","article-title":"Effects of music interventions on stress-related outcomes: A systematic review and two meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"Spruit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health Outcomes of a Series of Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music Sessions: A Systematic Review","volume":"54","author":"McKinney","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Music Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"CD006908","article-title":"Music interventions for preoperative anxiety","volume":"6","author":"Bradt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60169-6","article-title":"Music as an aid for postoperative recovery in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"386","author":"Hole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.12746\/swrccc2016.0416.218","article-title":"What is the role of music in the intensive care unit?","volume":"4","author":"Chariyawong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Southwest Respir. Crit. Care Chron."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"19","article-title":"Is there a role for music in the ICU?","volume":"2016","author":"DellaVolpe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"103","article-title":"Patient-directed music therapy reduces anxiety and sedation exposure in mechanically ventilated patients: A research critique","volume":"28","author":"Gullick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. Crit. Care Off. J. Confed. Aust. Crit. Care Nurses"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.05.021","article-title":"Music therapy, a review of the potential therapeutic benefits for the critically ill","volume":"35","author":"Mofredj","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.06.010","article-title":"The influence of music during mechanical ventilation and weaning from mechanical ventilation: A review","volume":"44","author":"Hetland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Lung J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003199","article-title":"Economic Evaluation of a Patient-Directed Music Intervention for ICU Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilatory Support","volume":"46","author":"Chlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000353","article-title":"A systematic review of the efficacy of creative arts therapies in the treatment of adults with PTSD","volume":"10","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2017.05.003","article-title":"Guided Imagery and Music with female military veterans: An intervention development study","volume":"55","author":"Story","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arts Psychother."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.2011.02026.x","article-title":"Group music therapy for patients with persistent post-traumatic stress disorder--an exploratory randomized controlled trial with mixed methods evaluation","volume":"85","author":"Carr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5539\/res.v8n3p237","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Music on Quality of Life and Anxiety Symptoms in the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Bustan Hospital of Ahvaz City","volume":"8","author":"Zergani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Eur. Stud."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnmr.IJNMR_37_20","article-title":"The Effect of Non-verbal Music on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Mothers of Premature Neonates","volume":"26","author":"Pourmovahed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/24732850.2019.1670023","article-title":"Short-Term Music Therapy Attention and Arousal Regulation Treatment (SMAART) for Prisoners with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Feasibility Study","volume":"19","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Forensic Psychol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2007.09.002","article-title":"Drumming through trauma: Music therapy with post-traumatic soldiers","volume":"35","author":"Bensimon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arts Psychother."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"202","article-title":"Trauma-focused group music and imagery with women suffering from PTSD\/complex PTSD: A feasibility study. Approaches","volume":"9","author":"Rudstam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Music Ther. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Maack, C. (2012). Outcomes and Processes of the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) and Its Adaptations and Psychodynamic Imaginative Trauma Therapy (PITT) for Women with Complex PTSD. [Ph.D. Thesis, Aalborg University]. Available online: https:\/\/vbn.aau.dk\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/68395912\/Carola_Maack_12.pdf."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/08098131.2017.1286368","article-title":"Feasibility of trauma-focused Guided Imagery and Music with adult refugees diagnosed with PTSD: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nord. J. Music Ther."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930960","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1930960","article-title":"Music therapy was noninferior to verbal standard treatment of traumatized refugees in mental health care: Results from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Mclntosh, G., and Thaut, M. (2021, November 13). How Music Helps to Heal the Injured Brain: Therapeutic Use Crescendos Thanks to Advances in Brain Science. The Dana Foundation. Available online: http:\/\/www.dana.org\/Cerebrum\/Default.aspx?id=39437."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8112","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1468-18.2019","article-title":"Neural Correlates of Music Listening and Recall in the Human Brain","volume":"39","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3666","article-title":"Brain correlates of music-evoked emotions","volume":"15","author":"Koelsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117350","article-title":"A coordinate-based meta-analysis of music-evoked emotions","volume":"223","author":"Koelsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00600","article-title":"Music-Evoked Emotions-Current Studies","volume":"11","author":"Schaefer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armony, J., and Vuilleumier, P. (2013). Emotion and Music. The Cambridge Handbook of Human Affective Neuroscience, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511843716"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.06.019","article-title":"Music facilitates the neurogenesis, regeneration, and repair of neurons","volume":"71","author":"Fukui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Hypothes."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-014-1360-0","article-title":"Music and the nucleus accumbens","volume":"37","author":"Mavridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat. SRA"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12677","article-title":"Musical pleasure and reward: Mechanisms and dysfunction","volume":"1337","author":"Zatorre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Desai, R. (2021, November 13). Drug Addiction. Available online: https:\/\/drrajivdesaimd.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/brain-and-drug-2.jpg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.002","article-title":"Towards a neural basis of music-evoked emotions","volume":"14","author":"Koelsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.008","article-title":"The roles of superficial amygdala and auditory cortex in music-evoked fear and joy","volume":"81","author":"Koelsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.03.011","article-title":"The specificity of neural responses to music and their relation to voice processing: An fMRI-adaptation study","volume":"593","author":"Armony","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"74318","article-title":"Music and brain plasticity: How sounds trigger neurogenerative adaptations","volume":"85","author":"Reybrouck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroplast. Insights Neural Reorganization"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.06.013","article-title":"The effects of musical practice on structural plasticity: The dynamics of grey matter changes","volume":"90","author":"Groussard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630829","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.630829","article-title":"How Musical Training Shapes the Adult Brain: Predispositions and Neuroplasticity","volume":"15","author":"Olszewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2020.00020","article-title":"Structural Covariance Changes of Anterior and Posterior Hippocampus During Musical Training in Young Adults","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22416","article-title":"Functional centrality of amygdala, striatum, and hypothalamus in a \u201csmall-world\u201d network underlying joy: An fMRI study with music","volume":"35","author":"Koelsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2018.03.007","article-title":"The biological impact of listening to music in clinical and nonclinical settings: A systematic review","volume":"237","author":"Finn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2018.05.015","article-title":"Effects of music intervention on inflammatory markers in critically ill and post-operative patients: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Lung J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00058","article-title":"Effects of Music Listening on Cortisol Levels and Propofol Consumption during Spinal Anesthesia","volume":"2","author":"Koelsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/thv004","article-title":"A systematic review of music-based interventions for procedural support","volume":"52","author":"Yinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Music Ther."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2020.11.014","article-title":"Patient Perspectives on Active vs. Passive Music Therapy for Cancer in the Inpatient Setting: A Qualitative Analysis","volume":"62","author":"Lynch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059204320960575","DOI":"10.1177\/2059204320960575","article-title":"Spontaneous Music-Evoked Autobiographical Memories in Individuals Experiencing Depression","volume":"3","author":"Sakka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Music Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.47513\/mmd.v6i2.177","article-title":"Music preferences of mechanically ventilated patients participating in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Heiderscheit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Music Med."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"CD006902","article-title":"Music interventions for mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"2014","author":"Bradt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parada-Cabaleiro, E., Batliner, A., and Schedl, M. (2022). An Exploratory Study on the Acoustic Musical Properties to Decrease Self-Perceived Anxiety. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020994"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/49.2.150","article-title":"The interplay of preference, familiarity and psychophysical properties in defining relaxation music","volume":"49","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Music Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/50.3.198","article-title":"A systematic review on the neural effects of music on emotion regulation: Implications for music therapy practice","volume":"50","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Music Ther."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Cantor, P. (2021, November 13). The Stress of This Moment Might Be Hurting Kids\u2019 Development. Available online: https:\/\/turnaroundusa.org\/pamela-cantor-m-d-pens-guest-post-for-education-next\/."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/5\/3113\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:33:02Z","timestamp":1760135582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/5\/3113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19053113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19053113","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]}}}