{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:33:56Z","timestamp":1774355636100,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011645","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH109-9R45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH109-9R45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-037-075, MOST 110-2314-B-037-051, MOST 109-2221-E-214-024-MY2, and MOST 110-2221-E-153-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-037-075, MOST 110-2314-B-037-051, MOST 109-2221-E-214-024-MY2, and MOST 110-2221-E-153-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects approximately 5\u20137% of school-age children. ADHD is usually marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention or hyperactivity\u2013impulsivity, leading to functioning or developmental problems. A common ADHD assessment tool is the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP) questionnaire. However, such scales provide only a subjective perspective, and most of them are used to evaluate therapeutic effects at least 3\u201312 months after medication initiation. Therefore, we employed an objective assessment method to provide more accurate evaluations of therapeutic effects in 25 children with ADHD (23 boys and 2 girls). To evaluate the participants\u2019 improvement and treatment\u2019s effectiveness, the pixel subtraction technique was used in video analysis. We compared the efficacy of 1-month Ritalin or Concerta treatment by evaluating the movement in each video within 3 h of medication administration. The movement value was defined as the result of a calculation when using the pixel subtraction technique. Based on behavior observation and SNAP scores, both parent- and teacher-reported scores decreased after 1 month of medication (reduction rates: 19.61% and 16.38%, respectively). Specifically, the parent-reported hyperactivity subscale and teacher-reported oppositional subscale decreased more significantly. By contrast, the reduction rate was 39.27%, as evaluated using the average movement value (AMV). Considering symptomatic improvement as a &gt;25% reduction in scores, the result revealed that the AMV decreased in 18 patients (72%) compared with only 44% and 56% of patients based on parent- and teacher-reported hyperactivity subscale scores. In conclusion, the pixel subtraction method can serve as an objective and reliable evaluation of the therapeutic effects of ADHD medication in the early stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T12:35:37Z","timestamp":1646742937000},"page":"3163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early and Objective Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effects of ADHD Medication through Movement Analysis Using Video Recording Pixel Subtraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8248-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Han","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Post Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Sen","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hung","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Tai","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 912, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong-Ching","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rei-Cheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lung-Chang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112792","article-title":"Trends in incidence rates of diagnosed attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) over 12 years in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"284","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.02.001","article-title":"Treatment-resistant panic disorder: Clinical significance, concept and management","volume":"70","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. 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