{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T07:03:20Z","timestamp":1769151800734,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Social Contours and COVID-19 received funding from 2020 Rapid Response COVID-19 Research Award, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan (Fund ID: 423181). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, o","award":["#423181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#423181"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the dual behavior of consistent mask wearing and vaccine acceptance represents an effective method of protecting oneself and others from COVID-19, research has yet to directly examine its predictors. A total of 3347 responses from a pooled cross-sectional survey of adults living in Saskatchewan, Canada, were analyzed using a multinomial logistic regression model. The outcome variable was the combined behavior of mask-wearing and vaccine intention in four combinations, while covariates consisted of socio-demographic factors, risk of exposure to coronavirus, mitigating behaviors, and perceptions of COVID-19. Those who were 65 years and older, financially secure, consistently practiced social distancing and had no or very few contacts with people outside their households, were concerned about spreading the virus, and perceived they would be seriously sick if infected were likely to engage in both mask wearing and vaccine acceptance, rather than one or the other, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 2.24 to 27.54. Further, within mask wearers, these factors were associated in a graded manner with vaccine intent. By describing the characteristics of those who engage in both mask wearing and vaccine acceptance, these results offer a specific set of characteristics for public health authorities to target and, therefore, contribute to the rapidly evolving body of knowledge on protective factors for COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T01:53:54Z","timestamp":1646790834000},"page":"3202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characteristics Associated with the Dual Behavior of Mask Wearing and Vaccine Acceptance: A Pooled Cross-Sectional Study among Adults in Saskatchewan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1180-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Adeyinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"McCutcheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Hub for Applied and Social Research (CHASR), University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5344-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Kallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6781-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazeem","family":"Muhajarine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, August 01). Government of Saskatchewan, Available online: https:\/\/www.saskatchewan.ca\/government\/news-and-media\/2020\/march\/20\/covid-19-update-march-20."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8711","article-title":"Planning for a COVID-19 vaccination program","volume":"323","author":"DeRoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108364","article-title":"Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel coronavirus","volume":"325","author":"Ngonghala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, August 01). World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/sage\/meetings\/2014\/october\/1_Report_WORKING_GROUP_vaccine_hesitancy_final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, August 01). Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit. Available online: https:\/\/spheru.ca\/covid-19\/socialcontours\/covid-19.php."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2890","article-title":"A proactive approach for managing COVID-19: The importance of understanding the motivational roots of vaccination hesitancy for SARS-CoV2","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psyc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.02.025","article-title":"Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19","volume":"194","author":"Troiano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhajarine, N., Adeyinka, D.A., McCutcheon, J., Green, K.L., Fahlman, M., and Kallio, N. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and refusal and associated factors in an adult population in Saskatchewan, Canada: Evidence from predictive modelling. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.28.21259675"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haischer, M.H., Beilfuss, R., Hart, M.R., Opielinski, L., Wrucke, D., Zirgaitis, G., Uhrich, T.D., and Hunter, S.K. (2020). Who is wearing a mask? gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.13.20152736"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102537","article-title":"Understanding the influence of contextual factors and individual social capital on American public mask-wearing in response to COVID-19","volume":"68","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113684","article-title":"Trust in a COVID-19 vaccine in the US: A social-ecological perspective","volume":"270","author":"Latkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rane, M.S., Kochhar, S., Poehlin, E., You, W., Robertson, M., Zimba, R., and Nash, D. (2021). Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and vaccine uptake in a national cohort of US adults. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.12.21257116"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abedin, M., Islam, M.A., Rahman, F.N., Reza, H.M., Hossain, M.Z., Hossain, M.A., Arefin, A., and Hossain, A. (2021). Willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 among Bangladeshi adults: Understanding the strategies to optimize vaccination coverage. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250495"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: A concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.28.20248950"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-021-00987-0","article-title":"Factors associated with willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in a large convenience sample","volume":"46","author":"Dorman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang, R., Benham, J.L., Atabati, O., Hollis, A., Tombe, T., Shaffer, B., and Oxoby, R.J. (2021). Attitudes, behaviours and barriers to public health measures for COVID-19: A survey to inform public health messaging. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10790-0"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latkin, C.A., Dayton, L., Moran, M., Strickland, J.C., and Collins, K. (2021). Behavioral and psychosocial factors associated with COVID-19 skepticism in the United States. Curr. Psychol., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-01211-3"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E381","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.210112","article-title":"Medical experimentation and the roots of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Indigenous peoples in Canada","volume":"193","author":"Mosby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cmaj"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20226-9","article-title":"Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom","volume":"12","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00941-1","article-title":"Understanding how race, ethnicity, and gender shape mask-wearing adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the COVID impact survey","volume":"9","author":"Hearne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2021, August 15). RStudio Team. Available online: http:\/\/www.rstudio.com."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1846397","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination intention in the UK: Results from the COVID-19 vaccination acceptability study (CoVAccS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey","volume":"17","author":"Sherman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards, B., Biddle, N., Gray, M., and Sollis, K. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance: Correlates in a nationally representative longitudinal survey of the Australian population. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248892"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.01.010","article-title":"Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Results of a nationwide survey","volume":"39","author":"Ruiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.03.034","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination attitudes, values and intentions among United States adults prior to emergency use authorization","volume":"39","author":"Salmon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26419","article-title":"National Trends in the US Public\u2019s Likelihood of Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine-1 April to 8 December 2020","volume":"325","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551004","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.551004","article-title":"Public perceptions of COVID-19 in Australia: Perceived risk, knowledge, health-protective behaviors, and vaccine intentions","volume":"11","author":"Faasse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110590","article-title":"Fearing the disease or the vaccine: The case of COVID-19","volume":"172","author":"Karlsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.069","article-title":"Willingness to get vaccinated against COVID-19 and attitudes toward vaccination in general","volume":"39","author":"Kessels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106694","article-title":"Vaccination against COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of acceptability and its predictors","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluating socio-economic status (SES) bias in survey nonresponse","volume":"18","author":"Goyder","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Off. Stat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1086\/317761","article-title":"Experiments with incentives in telephone surveys","volume":"64","author":"Singer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Opin. Q."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3202\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:33:24Z","timestamp":1760135604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19063202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19063202","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]}}}