{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:47:27Z","timestamp":1767833247676,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51672028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51672028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Water Pollution Control and Management Technology Major Projects of China","award":["2013ZX07209001-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013ZX07209001-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>NH4+ is often produced during the electro-reduction of NO3\u2212, which results in inadequate total nitrogen (TN) removal during advanced sewage treatment. In this study, the electro-reduction byproduct NH4+ was oxidized and removed using sulfate radical (SO4\u2022\u2212)-based advanced oxidation. Persulfate (PS) was activated by electrocatalysis, using Co\/AC0.9-AB0.1 particle electrodes to produce SO4\u2022\u2212. Results showed that when the influent concentration of NO3\u2212-N was 20 mg\/L, a PS dosage of 5.0 mM could completely oxidize NH4+ at 0.1 A (nondetectable in effluent) reducing the TN concentration from 9.22 to 0.55 mg\/L. The presence of coexisting PO43\u2212, CO32\u2212 and humic acid suppressed the oxidation and removal of NH4+. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra and quenching experiments revealed SO4\u2022\u2212 as the dominant radical in the process of indirect NH4+ oxidation, while \u2022OH radicals only had an assisting role, and the surface accumulated free radicals were responsible for the indirect oxidation of NH4+. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves indicated that NO3\u2212 was primarily reduced via atomic H*-mediated indirect reduction. Therefore, the activation of PS using Co\/AC0.9-AB0.1 particle electrodes might be a promising alternative method for oxidizing byproduct NH4+ in the electro-reduction of NO3\u2212 and reduce TN concentration in advanced sewage treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T11:46:47Z","timestamp":1646912807000},"page":"3270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Removal of Ammonia Using Persulfate during the Nitrate Electro-Reduction Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Quality Testing Center, Beijing Drainage Water Environment Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123377","article-title":"Reducing carbon source consumption through a novel denitratation\/anammox biofilter to remove nitrate from synthetic secondary effluent","volume":"309","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. 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