{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:58:03Z","timestamp":1787237883960,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central Asia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Almaty, Kazakhstan.","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"TCO","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From March to May 2020, 1306 oilfield workers in Kazakhstan tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. We conducted a case-control study to assess factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The cases were PCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2 during June\u2013September 2020. Controls lived at the same camp and were randomly selected from the workers who were PCR-negative for SARS-CoV-2. Data was collected telephonically by interviewing the oil workers. The study had 296 cases and 536 controls with 627 (75%) men, and 527 (63%) were below 40 years of age. Individual factors were the main drivers of transmission, with little contribution by environmental factors. Of the twenty individual factors, rare hand sanitizer use, travel before shift work, and social interactions outside of work increased SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Of the twenty-two environmental factors, only working in air-conditioned spaces was associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Communication messages may enhance workers\u2019 individual responsibility and responsibility for the safety of others to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T11:46:47Z","timestamp":1646912807000},"page":"3291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Factors Associated with an Outbreak of COVID-19 in Oilfield Workers, Kazakhstan, 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilyara","family":"Nabirova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central Asia, Almaty A25X0T1, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Central Asia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Almaty A25X0T1, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty A05H2A6, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszhan","family":"Taubayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Asia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Almaty A25X0T1, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Sanitary and Epidemiological Control of Atyrau Region, Division of Sanitary and Hygienic Control and Supervision of Municipal Facilities, Atyrau E04G2K2, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainur","family":"Maratova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Asia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Almaty A25X0T1, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Sanitary and Epidemiological Control of Eastern Kazakhstan Region, Division of Hospital-Acquired Infections Control, Ust-Kaman 070000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alden","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayagul","family":"Nassyrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Asia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Almaty A25X0T1, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Sanitary and Epidemiological Control of Western Kazakhstan Region, Division of Epidemiological Control of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Uralsk L02A8F6, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marhzan","family":"Kalkanbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Asia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Almaty A25X0T1, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Sanitary and Epidemiological Control of Eastern Kazakhstan Region, Division of Epidemiological Control of Infectious Diseases, Altay F42D3P7, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevak","family":"Alaverdyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manoogian Simone College of Business and Economics, American University of Armenia, Yerevan 0019, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manar","family":"Smagul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Practical Center of Sanitary-Epidemiological Examination and Monitoring, Branch of the National Center for Public Health, Almaty A15G7D2, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chevron Products UK Limited, London E14 4HA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aizhan","family":"Yesmagambetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Committee of Sanitary and Epidemiological Control, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3663-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central Asia, Almaty A25X0T1, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty A05H2A6, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, June 29). 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