{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T06:52:32Z","timestamp":1776235952577,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have monitored and modeled long-term ambient air concentrations of ethylene oxide (EO) around emitting facilities in Georgia with the intent of informing risk management of potentially exposed nearby residential populations. Providing health context for these data is challenging because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s risk-specific concentrations lack practical utility in distinguishing a health significant increase in exposure. This study analyzes EO data for eight emitting facilities, using a previously published alternative exposure metric, the total equivalent concentration, which is based on U.S. Centers for Disease Control biomarker data for the non-smoking U.S. population. Mean concentrations for monitoring sites were compared to mean background concentrations to assess whether emissions contribute significantly to environmental concentrations. To assess the health significance of potential exposure at nearby residential locations, the 50th percentile concentration was added to the 50th percentile endogenous equivalent concentration and compared to the total equivalent concentration distribution for the non-smoking U.S. population. The findings demonstrate that impacts from nearby emission sources are small compared to mean background concentrations at nearby locations, and the total equivalent concentrations for exposed populations are generally indistinguishable from that of the 50th percentile for the non-smoking U.S. population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T22:29:43Z","timestamp":1647210583000},"page":"3364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Monitored and Modeled Ambient Air Concentrations of Ethylene Oxide: Contextualizing Health Risk for Potentially Exposed Populations in Georgia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences, Exponent, Inc., Oakland, CA 94612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Sheehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences, Exponent, Inc., Oakland, CA 94612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"DesAutels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences, Exponent, Inc., Maynard, MA 01754, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather N.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Sciences, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Kirman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Summit Toxicology, Bozeman, MT 59722, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2020). Toxicological Profile for Ethylene Oxide, Draft for Public Comment."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2003). Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 54, Ethylene Oxide, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2020.1852988","article-title":"Ethylene oxide review: Characterization of total exposure via endogenous and exogenous pathways and their implications to risk assessment and risk management","volume":"24","author":"Kirman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.08.012","article-title":"Anthropogenic and biogenic sources of Ethylene and the potential for human exposure: A literature review","volume":"241","author":"Morgott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Health Canada (2016). 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Evaluation of the Inhalation Carcinogenicity of Ethylene Oxide (CASRN 75-21-8) in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System, EPA\/635\/R-16\/350Fa."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2021, November 13). Ethylene Oxide Measurements. Method TO-15\/TO-15A Overview, Challenges, Resources and Next Steps, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-05\/documents\/eto-technical-webinar-041521-w-qandas.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogen, K.T., Sheehan, P.J., Valdez-Flores, C., and Li, A.A. (2019). Reevaluation of historical exposures to ethylene oxide among U.S. sterilization workers in the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Study Cohort. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101738"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Georgia Department of Natural Resources (2021, October 15). 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Bard), Covington, Newton County, GA, Available online: https:\/\/epd.georgia.gov\/document\/document\/bd-covington-modeling-memorandum\/download."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Georgia Department of Natural Resources (2022, January 10). Modeling Analysis for Ethylene Oxide-UPDATE Sterilization Services of Georgia, Atlanta, Fulton County, GA, Available online: https:\/\/epd.georgia.gov\/document\/document\/ssgmodelingmemo01-06-2020updatepdf\/download."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Georgia Department of Natural Resources (2022, January 10). Modeling Analysis for Ethylene Oxide for Additional Controls as Described in Permit Application #27352 Becton, Dickinson and Company, Madison, Morgan County, GA, Available online: https:\/\/epd.georgia.gov\/document\/document\/bdmadisonfinalmodelingmemo02-11-2020pdf\/download."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Georgia Department of Natural Resources (2022, January 10). 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Investigation of Selected Potential Environmental Contaminants: Epoxides, EPA-560\/11-80-005."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3364\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:35:39Z","timestamp":1760135739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19063364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19063364","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]}}}