{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T12:16:13Z","timestamp":1778242573631,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chest compression is a parameter of injury criteria assessment for human beings. Additionally, it is used to find the external compression response as a result of vehicle crashes, falls, or sporting impacts. This behavioral feature is described by many deterministic models related to specific experimental tests, hindering distinct scenarios. The present study evaluates the energy absorbed as a function of rib compression. The proposed model was obtained from three different computed tomography (CT) studies. The anthropometric values are interpolated to obtain a parametric curve for a human rib\u2019s average size. The computed results are compared against an STL-DICOM\u00ae file used to obtain a virtual reconstruction of one rib. A numerical model of the behavior of the thorax displacement expressed injury in the human rib model\u2019s stiffness. The proposed model is used to determine the correlation of the input payload versus the numerical stiffness value. The outcome is confirmed by numerical analyses applied to a virtual human rib reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T03:06:10Z","timestamp":1647313570000},"page":"3414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Traumatic Impact Assessment of CPR Load on a Human Ribcage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7051-0001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Antonio","family":"Aguilar-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Unidad Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0291-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher Ren\u00e9","family":"Torres-SanMiguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Unidad Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9388-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Robot Mechatronics, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo Manuel","family":"Urriolagoitia-Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Unidad Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Agnew, A., Kang, Y., Moorhouse, K., and Herriott, R. (2013, January 11\u201313). Age-Related changes in stiffness in human ribs. Proceedings of the International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Augenstein, J., Perdeck, E., Martin, P., Bowen, J., Stratton, J., Horton, T., Singer, M., Digges, K., and Steps, J. (2000, January 2\u20134). Injuries to restrained occupants in far-side crashes. Proceedings of the Annual Meetings\/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schmitt, K., Niederer, P., Muser, M., and Walz, F. (2007). Trauma Biomechanics: Accidental Injury in Traffic and Sports, Zurich, Switzerland, Springer."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Baudrit, P., and Leport, T. (2010, January 24\u201329). Rib strain fields corridors inside and oblique impact based on PMHS tests. Proceedings of the Thirty-Eight International Workshop, Scottsdale, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Cavanaugh, J., Jepsen, K., and King, A. (1988, January 16). Quasi-static frontal loading of the thorax of human cadavers and the Hybrid III dummy. Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21130","article-title":"Rib fracture timing in dynamic belt tests with human cadavers","volume":"24","author":"Duma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Perz, R., Toczyski, J., Kindig, M., Ito, D., Ejima, S., Yasuki, T., and Crandall, J. (2013, January 11\u201313). Evaluation of the geometrical properties distribution along the human ribs using different x-ray imaging methods. Proceedings of the International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holcombe, S., Ejima, S., Huhdanpaa, H., Jones, A., and Wang, S. (2008, January 14\u201317). Ribcage characterization for FE using automatic CT processing. Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2008.4541079"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2","article-title":"Cross-sectional geometry of human ribs","volume":"80","author":"Mohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Rauter, G., Cattin, P.C., Zam, A., Riener, R., Carbone, G., and Pisla, D. (2019). Design of a methodology for the determination of the mechanical rib stiffness as injury index. New Trends in Medical and Service Robotics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Boresi, A., and Schmidt, R. (2004). Advanced Mechanics of Materials, John Wiley & Sons. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Devon, A., Kang, Y., Agnew, A., and Kemper, A. (2018, January 12\u201314). The effect of injurious whole rib loading on ribcortical bone material properties. Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference, Athens, Greece."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2834288","article-title":"Biomechanics of human thoracic ribs","volume":"120","author":"Yoganandan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.11.004","article-title":"Anthropometric dependence of the response of a thorax FE model under high speed loading: Validation and real world accident replication","volume":"110","author":"Roth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-011-5914-9","article-title":"The structure and mechanics of bone","volume":"47","author":"Currey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2013.01.001","article-title":"Compressive rib fracture: Peri-mortem and post-mortem trauma patterns in a pig model","volume":"15","author":"Kieser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"53","article-title":"The mechanical properties of human ribs in young adult","volume":"14","author":"Pezowics","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilchrist, M. (2005). IUTAM Symposium on Impact Biomechanics: From Fundamental Insights to Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3796-1"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Forbes, A. (2005). Development of a Human Body Model for the Analysis of Side Impact. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02546398","article-title":"Rib structure and bending strength: An autopsy study","volume":"20","author":"Stein","year":"1976","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.04.017","article-title":"Frontal crashworthiness characterization of a vehicle segment using curve comparison metrics","volume":"117","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1667","article-title":"Biomechanical model of the thorax under blast loading: A three-dimensional numerical study","volume":"12","author":"Awoukeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00506","article-title":"GIBBON: The geometry and image-based bioengineering add-on","volume":"3","author":"Moerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Open-Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.05.017","article-title":"Geometry of humans ribs pertinent to orthopedic chest wall reconstruction","volume":"40","author":"Mohr","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(72)90055-3","article-title":"Global geometric characteristics of typical human ribs","volume":"5","author":"Roberts","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2629697","article-title":"TetGen, a delaunay-Based quality tetrahedral mesh generator","volume":"41","author":"Si","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:36:10Z","timestamp":1760135770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19063414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19063414","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]}}}