{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:34:19Z","timestamp":1775147659062,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004956","name":"Minnesota Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CON000000089530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CON000000089530"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grocery workers were essential to the workforce and exempt from lockdown requirements as per Minnesota Executive Order 20\u201320. The risk of COVID-19 transmission in grocery settings is not well documented. This study aimed to determine which factors influenced seropositivity among grocery workers. We conducted a cross-sectional study of Minnesota grocery workers aged 18 and older using a convenience sample. Participants were recruited using a flyer disseminated electronically via e-mail, social media, and newspaper advertising. Participants were directed to an electronic survey and were asked to self-collect capillary blood for IgG antibody testing. Data were analyzed using logistic regression and adjusted for urbanicity, which confounded the relationship between number of job responsibilities in a store and seropositivity. Of 861 Minnesota grocery workers surveyed, 706 (82%) were tested as part of this study, of which 56 (7.9%) tested positive for IgG antibodies. Participants aged 65\u201374 years had the highest percent positivity. Having multiple job responsibilities in a store was significantly associated with seropositivity in our adjusted model (OR: 1.14 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.27). Workplace factors influenced seropositivity among Minnesota grocery workers. Future research will examine other potential factors (e.g., in-store preventive measures and access to PPE) that may contribute to increased seropositivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T22:09:58Z","timestamp":1647468598000},"page":"3501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Survey in Grocery Store Workers\u2014Minnesota, 2020\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1408-0107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhura S.","family":"Vachon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Demmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Yendell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN 55164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Draeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Beebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig W.","family":"Hedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health (2021, December 13). Minnesota Case Overview. Available online: https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/diseases\/coronavirus\/situation.html#overview2."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.7976","article-title":"Estimated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the US as of September 2020","volume":"181","author":"Bajema","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106774","article-title":"Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA","volume":"78","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/10482911211015676","article-title":"Union efforts to reduce COVID-19 infections among grocery store workers","volume":"31","author":"Crowell","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Solut. J. Environ. Occup. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Olive, R., Draeger, K., Kim, H., Hanawa Peterson, H., Jarvi, M., Park, D., and Jorgenson, A. (2021, December 22). Minnesota Rural Grocery Survey Report. 2019\u20132020. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11299\/217207."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demmer, R.T., Baumgartner, B., Wiggen, T.D., Ulrich, A.K., Strickland, A.J., Naumchik, B.M., Bohn, B., Walsh, S., Smith, S., and Kline, S. (Mayo Clin. Proc., 2022). Identification of Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Seroprevalence Studies Among Vaccinated Populations, Mayo Clin. Proc., in press.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.12.21255330"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abhold, J., Wozniak, A., Mulcahy, J., Walsh, S., Zepeda, E., Demmer, R., Yendell, S., and Beebe, T. (PLoS ONE, 2022). Demographic, social, and behavioral correlates of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in a representative, population-based study of Minnesota residents, PLoS ONE, submitted for publication.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279660"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Asche, K. (2021, January 21). The State of Rural Minnesota, Available online: https:\/\/www.leg.mn.gov\/docs\/2019\/mandated\/190442.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Health (2021, December 13). COVID-19 Weekly Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/diseases\/coronavirus\/stats\/index.html#warchive1."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2021, December 30). SARS-CoV-2 Human IgG (4-Plex)|Quansys Biosciences. Available online: https:\/\/www.quansysbio.com\/multiplex\/multiplex-assays\/sars-cov-2-human-igg-4-plex\/."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3501\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:37:19Z","timestamp":1760135839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19063501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19063501","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]}}}