{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T04:32:37Z","timestamp":1769574757111,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25DA054015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25DA054015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54MD015946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD015946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Oklahoma Tobacco Settlement Endowment Trust","award":["092-016-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["092-016-0002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adults experiencing homelessness smoke conventional cigarettes and engage in concurrent tobacco product use at very high rates; however, little is known about how use patterns, perceived disease risk, barriers to quitting smoking, and smoking cessation intervention preferences differ by sex in this group. Participants comprised a convenience sample of 626 adult conventional cigarette smokers experiencing homelessness. Participants self-reported their sex, smoking history, mental health and substance use diagnosis history, other concurrent tobacco product use (CU), disease risk perceptions, perceived barriers to quitting smoking, and preferences regarding tobacco cessation interventions via a computer-administered survey. CU rates were 58.1% amongst men and 45.3% amongst women smokers. In both sexes, CUs started smoking earlier (p-values &lt; 0.001) and were more likely to have been diagnosed with a non-nicotine substance use disorder (p-values &lt; 0.014) relative to cigarette-only users. Among men only, CUs were younger, smoked more cigarettes per day and were more likely to identify as non-Hispanic White (p-values &lt; 0.003) than cigarette-only users. Additionally, male CUs reported a greater risk of developing \u22651 smoking-related disease if they did not quit for good; were more likely to endorse craving cigarettes, being around other smokers, habit, stress\/mood swings, and coping with life stress as barriers for quitting smoking; and were less likely to prefer medications to quit smoking relative to male cigarette-only users (p-values &lt; 0.04). On the other hand, female CUs reported a greater risk of developing \u22651 smoking-related disease even if they quit for good; were more likely to endorse stress\/mood swings and coping with life stress as barriers for quitting smoking relative to female cigarette-only users (p-values &lt; 0.05); and did not differentially prefer one cessation medication over another. Overall, findings confirm high rates of CU among both sexes, characterize those who may be more likely to be CUs, and reveal opportunities to educate men and women experiencing homeless on the benefits of evidence-based interventions for smoking cessation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"3629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Perceived Disease Risk of Smoking, Barriers to Quitting, and Cessation Intervention Preferences by Sex Amongst Homeless Adult Concurrent Tobacco Product Users and Conventional Cigarette-Only Users"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Haleem A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, College of Education, The University of Houston, 491 Farish Hall, Houston, TX 77204, USA"},{"name":"HEALTH Research Institute, The University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd., Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel D.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, College of Education, The University of Houston, 491 Farish Hall, Houston, TX 77204, USA"},{"name":"HEALTH Research Institute, The University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd., Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4312-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzuan A.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, College of Education, The University of Houston, 491 Farish Hall, Houston, TX 77204, USA"},{"name":"HEALTH Research Institute, The University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd., Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9038-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Businelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEALTH Research Institute, The University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd., Houston, TX 77204, USA"},{"name":"TSET Health Promotion Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ezemenari M.","family":"Obasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, College of Education, The University of Houston, 491 Farish Hall, Houston, TX 77204, USA"},{"name":"HEALTH Research Institute, The University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd., Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7273-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darla E.","family":"Kendzor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TSET Health Promotion Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7165-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorraine R.","family":"Reitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, College of Education, The University of Houston, 491 Farish Hall, Houston, TX 77204, USA"},{"name":"HEALTH Research Institute, The University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd., Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx034","article-title":"Lifetime and 1-year prevalence of homelessness in the US population: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III","volume":"40","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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