{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:27:36Z","timestamp":1792114056073,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011912","name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V108C-145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V108C-145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011912","name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V109C-135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V109C-135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the relationship between listening effort and acute tinnitus over the clinical course of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) before and after treatment. Thirty SSNHL patients with acute tinnitus were enrolled in this prospective study. Each patient was evaluated before treatment and after 1 and 3 months of follow-up. Listening effort was evaluated in the unaffected ears in two conditions (with and without background noise) using a dual-task paradigm, which included a primary (speech recognition) task and a secondary (visual reaction time) task. Tinnitus severity was assessed with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). It was observed that background noise significantly increased listening effort in SSNHL patients with acute tinnitus before and after treatment. THI scores and listening effort in quiet conditions (** p = 0.009) were significantly decreased three months after treatment. In an analysis of the relation between tinnitus severity and listening effort, it was found that the THI total score was significantly correlated with listening effort in quiet (* p = 0.0388) and noisy conditions (* p = 0.044) before treatment. We concluded that SSNHL patients with acute tinnitus exerted greater listening effort in the presence of background noise than in quiet conditions. Furthermore, listening effort was reduced as tinnitus improved in SSNHL patients during the three months after treatment. Both before and after 3 months of treatment, patients who were more affected and emotionally distressed by tinnitus tended to exert more listening effort in both quiet and noisy environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"3661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Impact of Acute Tinnitus on Listening Effort: A Study Based on Clinical Observations of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8847-0100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chii-Yuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian-Sian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hsien","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-5854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Fu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"573","article-title":"Listening Effort and Fatigue in School-Age Children With and Without Hearing Loss","volume":"45","year":"2002","journal-title":"JSLHR"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000494","article-title":"Listening effort: How the cognitive consequences of acoustic challenge are reflected in brain and behavior","volume":"39","author":"Peelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2015.11.007","article-title":"Association of tinnitus and hearing loss in otological disorders: A decade-long epidemiological study in a South Indian population","volume":"82","author":"Manche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4802.150","article-title":"Difficulties experienced by tinnitus sufferers","volume":"48","author":"Tyler","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(96)80008-6","article-title":"Electrophysiological indices of selective auditory attention in subjects with and without tinnitus","volume":"97","author":"Jacobson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020601102329","article-title":"Severe tinnitus and its effect on selective and divided attention: Acufeno severo y sus efectos sobre la atenci\u00f3n selectiva y dividida","volume":"46","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"CR765","article-title":"The relationship between distortion product otoacoustic emissions and extended high-frequency audiometry in tinnitus patients. Part 1: Normally hearing patients with unilateral tinnitus","volume":"18","author":"Hatzopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0630-z","article-title":"Tinnitus with or without hearing loss: Are its characteristics different?","volume":"265","author":"Savastano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"305","article-title":"Tinnitus in noise-induced hearing impairment","volume":"52","author":"Kowalska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Pracy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-H-16-0090","article-title":"The effect of tinnitus on listening effort in normal-hearing young adults: A preliminary study","volume":"60","author":"Degeest","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2331216518795340","article-title":"Measuring the impact of tinnitus on aided listening effort using pupillary response","volume":"22","author":"Callaway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812436449","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: Sudden hearing loss","volume":"146","author":"Stachler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.\u2014Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update)","volume":"161","author":"Chandrasekhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2018.03.012","article-title":"Modified Siegel\u2019s criteria for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Reporting recovery outcomes with matched pretreatment hearing grades","volume":"81","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc. JCMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198405000-00014","article-title":"Sudden hearing loss: Eight years\u2019 experience and suggested prognostic table","volume":"94","author":"Byl","year":"1984","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joto.2019.07.001","article-title":"Sudden sensorineural hearing loss\u2014A contemporary review of management issues","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Otol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63046-z","article-title":"Analysis of clinical and laboratory findings of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480701242477","article-title":"Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Results drawn from the Swedish national database","volume":"127","author":"Arlinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489409127551","article-title":"Clinical study of audiograms in the initial stage and fixed stage of sudden deafness","volume":"114","author":"Murai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(94)90094-9","article-title":"Ear and hearing problems in 44 middle-aged women with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Hultcrantz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215107005683","article-title":"Impact of prognostic factors on recovery from sudden hearing loss","volume":"121","author":"Ceylan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62071-7","article-title":"Sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"375","author":"Benjamin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001049","article-title":"Prognostic and evolutive factors of tinnitus triggered by sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"37","author":"Gallardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"110","article-title":"The relationship of tinnitus recovery and hearing improvement in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hear. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3002.147","article-title":"Masking of tinnitus and central masking","volume":"30","author":"Penner","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.230367","article-title":"Hearing loss grades and the International classification of functioning, disability and health","volume":"97","author":"Olusanya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)32783-3","article-title":"The treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"8","author":"Siegel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000096713","article-title":"Relationships among speech perception, self-rated tinnitus loudness and disability in tinnitus patients with normal pure-tone thresholds of hearing","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orl"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140029007","article-title":"Development of the tinnitus handicap inventory","volume":"122","author":"Newman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31827f0431","article-title":"How hearing aids, background noise, and visual cues influence objective listening effort","volume":"34","author":"Picou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-011-0381-0","article-title":"Investigation on the improvement and transfer of dual-task coordination skills","volume":"76","author":"Strobach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2010.543284","article-title":"Improved intertask coordination after extensive dual-task practice","volume":"64","author":"Liepelt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"7","article-title":"Development of standardized phonetically balanced word lists (Zhong kuo yu yin jun hen zi huei biao zhi bian zhi yian jiou)","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2331216517706396","article-title":"Objective assessment of listening effort: Coregistration of pupillometry and EEG","volume":"21","author":"Miles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"2331216516687287","article-title":"Behavioral assessment of listening effort using a dual-task paradigm: A review","volume":"21","author":"Gagne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and Effort, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000355","article-title":"Age-related differences in listening effort during degraded speech recognition","volume":"38","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000396","article-title":"Effects of hearing impairment and hearing aid amplification on listening effort: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Ohlenforst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000222","article-title":"The effects of noise and reverberation on listening effort for adults with normal hearing","volume":"37","author":"Picou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2013.03.006","article-title":"Mental health in adults with sudden sensorineural hearing loss: An assessment of depressive symptoms and its correlates","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:39:38Z","timestamp":1760135978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/6\/3661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19063661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19063661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]}}}